Ultimate Frisbee :: sports

Before you hear about eventual(prenominal) Frisbee, you should first know the history of the Frisbee. The Frisbie Pie Company sold their pies all over the eastern United States rim, and it just happened that the pie tins were easy to throw around. At Yale, students began to make up risques to play with the tins, and started to call them Frisbees. The name stuck and tossing the tins around became popular at many East Coast colleges. Several years later, an inventor decided to recreate the Frisbee tin. He wanted to make it out of plastic, which was one of the new post-war materials. He shaped his new phonograph recording like a U.F.O., complete with little windows. This was the first real Frisbee, and since then, the design hasnt changed much. People had been tossing Frisbees around for years, but had yet to create a playing period using the Frisbee disk. At Columbia High School in New Jersey, students from the school newspaper created a new sport, combining different aspects of soccer, football, basketball, team handball, and hockey, they called it Ultimate Frisbee. These students decided to write an official set of rules for Ultimate Frisbee. At first, it was only played by a few students at Columbia. The sport soon caught on at other colleges and high schools in the area. From then on, Ultimate spread rapidly throughout the United States, and was at first played only in schools. Since then many non-scholastic leagues have formed and many countries have started national teams. Not much has changed since the rules were first published, and since then, Ultimate has spread all over the world. The tenderness of the Game is the most important part of Ultimate Frisbee. In most sports, players purposefully back their opponents. In Ultimate, the doctrine is that no one would ever foul an opposing player on purpose, and if a foul is to occur, it is assumed that the perpetrator fouled by accident. Players call their own fouls, and if the opposing team feels that the call was incorrect, they shtup contest it. Not having a referee involved means less time wasted. Another part of The Spirit of the Game is showing respect for your teammates and opponents. This philosophy is what makes Ultimate Frisbee different from all other sports.Once you figure out how to throw the disk, Ultimates a pretty easy game to learn. The game starts with both teams lining up on opposite end zones, the home team throws off to the opposing team that starts the point.

Great White Sharks :: essays research papers

The wide White shark, also known as the white death, is considered the mostdangerous shark in the waters. The Great White has a conical instead of a flattenedsnout, black eyes, and large, serrated, arrowhead-shaped teeth. The upper and lower lobes of the tail are almost equal in size, and the personify is blue or brown-gray, not white, except on its belly. The Great White is found in temperate waters throughout the worlds oceans, and it is important, though not common, predator in California&8217s coastal habitat.The waters off central California offer a rich bounty of food for white sharks, and any summer and fall, they actively feed in nearshore areas. The Farallan Islands, anational wildlife refuge about twenty-seven miles off San Francisco, is a common victuals ground for the swell white. The coastal waters along central California, especially around the Ano Nuevo State Reserve and along the Marin Headlands, are another common area for white sharks. In the summer the shark s move to the coasts of Oregon and occasionally the Gulf of Alaska, and in the fall, they turn south and move along the offshore islands. They are also found in great numbers in the Australian waters.The great white is a very agile killer that hunts mostly anything in the ocean. They are carnivorous and ordinarily prey on sick or injured prey. Just one drop of blood can make the shark go into a feeding frenzy. It is not made to swim fast and its usual speed is fifteen miles per hour. It migrates south to warmer waters to give birth to six to nine pups. The precisely way it can defend itself is by using its mouth and its razor-sharp teeth.One of the most largest specimens caught was off of Mantauk, Long Island, and New York, in 1964 it was seventeen and a half feet long and weighed an estimated 4500 pounds. Between 1916 and 1969, there were thirty-two attacks on swimmers, resulting in thirteen deaths attributed to great white sharks. On three occasions white sharks were account to have attacked boats, sinking one of them, a dory, off Cape Breton, Nova

The Importance of Setting in The Yellow Wall-Paper by Charlotte Gilman

The Importance of Setting in The Yellow Wall-Paper by Charlotte GilmanIn the picayune story The Yellow Wall-Paper, by Charlotte Gilman, the setting contributes to the storytellers insanity. When she first sees the house, she loves it. She thinks the house will be a perfect place to recover from her nervous condition, but that does non happen because her husband confines her to the bedroom so that her health will improve. The narrators mental illness deteriorates to the point of insanity due to her isolation in the bedroom, with only when the yellow wallpaper to look at that she considers repellent, almost revolting a smoldering unclean yellow,strangely faded by the slow-turning sunlight (106). At the beginning of the story, the narrator is moving into a house that she is renting while her house in being renovated. She describes the house as The most beautiful place It is quite alone, standing(a) well back from the road, quite three miles from the village. It makes me think of Eng lish places that you read about, for there are hedges and walls and gates that lock, and lots of separate little houses for the gardeners and people (105). This cite reflects that she considers this house as a place only the noble could live in. She has only read about homes like this, and she never thought that she would be accompaniment in one. She seems happy that she will be able to rent such a house. She adds that There is a delicious garden I never proverb such a garden--large and shady, full of box-bordered paths, and lined with long grape-covered arbors with seats under them (105). This adds to the elegant and royal qualities that the narrator believes the house has. In the middle portion of the story, the narrators interpretation ... ...The narrator, already suffering from a nervous condition, is forced to stay in her bedroom for most of the story. Her husband does not let her do anything that may grow the least bit of energy because she needs to concentrate her energ y on getting well. Her mental condition quickly deteriorates from the original nervous condition to boom insanity due to this isolation. As the narrator begins to see figures behind the wallpaper, the reader realizes that the wallpaper is a manifestation of her condition. Work Cited Gilman, Charlotte. The Yellow Wall-Paper. Literature and the Writing Process. Eds. Elizabeth McMahan, Susan X Day, and Robert Funk. 4th ed.Upper Saddle River Prentice, 1996. 105-115. Wagner-Martin, Linda. The Yellow Wallpaper. Reference Guide to Short Fiction. Ed. Noelle Watson. Detroit St. James Press, 1994. 981- 982.

I Hear an Army Charging Upon the Land Essay -- essays research papers

I Hear an Army Charging Upon the Land sour repels argon every where we look in life. Almost anything could be considered a flagellum in today&8217s society. The numbers by James Joyce, &8220 I hear an Army Charging Upon the Land, contains evidence of a threatening force. The threatening force in this poem is punk rock kids at a punk rock show.Threatening forces are very apparent in this poem. A prime modeling of one is when he says &8220 Arrogant, in total darkness armor. He is talking about kids in leather jackets. It is there way of proving they are punk and it looks threatening. Seeing quite a little in leather jackets is shivery, especially when society has trained us to think that black is a sign of . We have been trained to think that anything that stands out is scary and people in black leather jackets stick out like a sore thumb. Obviously, when James Joyce says &8220 in black armor, it is a threatening force of punk rock.Punk rock is a very firm theme of this poem th at is supposed to be menacing. This is established when it says, &8220 Clanging, Clanging upon the heart as upon an anvil. This is axiom how he feels that the chains that the kids wear are frightening. He feels that the sound of their chains dangle together is intimidating. When people who wear chains run the often line a loud noise ... I Hear an Army Charging Upon the Land shew -- essays research papersI Hear an Army Charging Upon the LandThreatening forces are every where we look in life. Almost anything could be considered a threat in today&8217s society. The poem by James Joyce, &8220 I hear an Army Charging Upon the Land, contains evidence of a threatening force. The threatening force in this poem is punk rock kids at a punk rock show.Threatening forces are very apparent in this poem. A prime example of one is when he says &8220 Arrogant, in black armor. He is talking about kids in leather jackets. It is there way of proving they are punk and it looks threat ening. Seeing people in leather jackets is scary, especially when society has trained us to think that black is a sign of . We have been trained to think that anything that stands out is scary and people in black leather jackets stick out like a sore thumb. Obviously, when James Joyce says &8220 in black armor, it is a threatening force of punk rock.Punk rock is a very firm theme of this poem that is supposed to be menacing. This is established when it says, &8220 Clanging, Clanging upon the heart as upon an anvil. This is saying how he feels that the chains that the kids wear are frightening. He feels that the sound of their chains dangling together is intimidating. When people who wear chains run the often make a loud noise ...

Chinese Mothers and their American Daughters in Amy Tans The Joy Luck Club :: Joy Luck Club Essays

Chinese Mothers and their American Daughters in Amy Tans The joyfulness Luck Club No alternative No choice She doesnt know. If she doesnt speak, she is making a choice. If she doesn?t try, she can lose her chance forever. I know this because I was raised the Chinese focussing I was taught to desire nothing, to swallow other people?s misery, to eat my own bitterness. And even though I taught my daughter the opposite, still she came out the same way Maybe it is because she was born to me and she was born a girl. And I was born to my mother and I was born a girl. All of us are like stairs, ace step after another(prenominal), going up and down, but all going the same way. (Tan 241) In desperation, mother An-Mei Hsu describes her frustration over her own mother-daughter relationship in Amy Tan?s The JoyLuck Club. Four Chinese born mothers and their four American born daughters tell stories from their own point of view about their relationships with one another mother-mother, mother-daughter, and daughter-daughter. The way these stories weave in and out of the past and present, and how these women?s lives unfolded tell much of what women are taught to think of themselves, and how it shapes their lives. How a mother hopes to give her daughter strength, compliance for herself, and a bond between mother and daughter, as told by the mothers, is reflected back by how each daughter processes what she perceives her mothers? lessons to be. All of the mothers came to America to escape the horrors of war. They hoped for the prosperity and comfortableness that living in the United States would afford them. With them they brought the sacred teachings of Taoism and Confucianism. Peter Tavernise defines these ancient traditions in Fasting of the Heart Mother-Tradition and Sacred Systems in Amy Tan?s The Joy Luck Club. Jing-mei describes her limited understanding of these concepts as, ?The elements were from my mother?s own version of organic chemistry.? (Tan 1 9) Tavernise states, ?Just as in the Confucian ritual system, very smaller of the mother-tradition in the text is told explicitly from mother to daughter ritual actions are supposed to be observed, absorbed, read, and understood in order to be transformed, preserved and turn over down in turn.

Chinese Mothers and their American Daughters in Amy Tans The Joy Luck Club :: Joy Luck Club Essays

Chinese M another(prenominal)s and their American Daughters in Amy Tans The Joy Luck Club No choice No choice She doesnt know. If she doesnt speak, she is making a choice. If she doesn?t try, she can lose her chance forever. I know this because I was raised the Chinese way I was taught to desire nothing, to swallow other people?s misery, to eat my own bitterness. And even though I taught my daughter the opposite, still she came out the same way Maybe it is because she was born(p) to me and she was born a girl. And I was born to my mother and I was born a girl. All of us are like stairs, one step after another, leaving up and down, but all going the same way. (Tan 241) In desperation, mother An-Mei Hsu describes her frustration over her own mother-daughter relationship in Amy Tan?s The JoyLuck Club. quartet Chinese born mothers and their four American born daughters tell stories from their own point of view about their relationships with one another mother-mother, mother-d aughter, and daughter-daughter. The way these stories weave in and out of the past and present, and how these women?s lives unfolded tell much of what women are taught to think of themselves, and how it shapes their lives. How a mother hopes to give her daughter strength, respect for herself, and a bond amidst mother and daughter, as told by the mothers, is reflected back by how each daughter processes what she perceives her mothers? lessons to be. All of the mothers came to America to escape the horrors of war. They hoped for the prosperity and ease that living in the unite States would afford them. With them they brought the sacred teachings of Taoism and Confucianism. Peter Tavernise defines these ancient traditions in Fasting of the Heart Mother-Tradition and Sacred Systems in Amy Tan?s The Joy Luck Club. Jing-mei describes her limited perceptiveness of these concepts as, ?The elements were from my mother?s own version of organic chemistry.? (Tan 19) Tavernise states, ?Just as in the Confucian ritual system, very little of the mother-tradition in the text is told explicitly from mother to daughter ritual actions are supposed to be observed, absorbed, read, and understood in order to be transformed, preserved and handed down in turn.

Internal Management Essay

1.0 IntroductionI am a second form student of Applied Languages and Information Technology. I have been assigned an Internal Management Report on the recruitment, cream and induction training methods of a company. I have chosen Hertz International Reservations refer Centre in Swords, Co. Dublin as I recently completed a calendar week on work placement there.While on work placement there, I learnt ab place how the call centre operates and the selection and training procedures. In my assignment I will give a report on my findings.2.0 Recruitment Methods in HertzThe main part of recruitment in Hertz is done through and through recruitment agencies. The agency in which Hertz use is Richmond Recruitment.The other means of recruitment is by accessing applications on file. These present application forms may be postal CVs, emailed CVs or Internet applications. Applications can be made directly to Hertz on their website at www.hertz.com or www.hertz.co.uk.From snip to time newspapers argon also used as a way to recruit ply. Internal recruitment, i.e. positions for Team Leaders/Market managers is also pop within Hertz call centre.3.0 Selection Methods3.1 Curriculum VitaesAll CVs which ar received by Hertz are screened by the recruitment team and/or Team Leaders. The qualities and competencies in which they look for in a CV are* Customer renovation skills and experience, including an ability to work well with the familiar and an ability to adopt a customer perspective.* Technical skills, including proficiency with computers, systems and keyboarding skills.* Strong verbal communication skills, including good voice quality, diction and articulation.3.2 InterviewsAfter the process of the selection and elimination of CVs, the unsuccessful applicants are sent a letter within weeks. The agencies are also notified. The accepted candidates are notified with a date and time of interview. There are usually two interviews given. The recruitment team does the first inte rview although depending on the position and CV. The second is performed by a Team attracter/Manager with a recruitment panel.The same questions are asked of all candidates (so that valid comparisons can be made). The interviewer emphasises the demands of the job e.g. shift hours, weekend work etc. It is and then up to the candidate to decide whether they can commit to the job or not.Education, why Hertz appeals, greatest achievements are just some of the questions which are asked in the interview.If the candidate is good, the interviewer asks about notice period, holidays booked, if a work permit is required and salary expectations. The candidate is then asked if they have any questions, the contract conditions are explained and they are thanked for attending the interview.Notes are exhaustn by the interviewer to help asses candidates more effectively after the interview. They also help to communicate to human resources department and other managers. They distinctly state the outcome of the interview and an offer/rejection is then made.3.3 The interview assessmentAt the end of a panel interview, each member of the panel compares the attributes of the candidate against the criteria laid down in the job description. This type of analysis helps ensure objectivity and enables the reason for selection/non-selection to be identified.After the 2nd interview, references are carried out prior to offer. The recruitment team then offers the position, and a contract is sent to the successful candidate. When the contract is returned, an employee file is set up.4.0 Induction4.1 Customer Service nurtureOn the issue and acknowledgement of a position offered, Hertz Swords, notifies the employee of the commencement of their position. All new employees must complete a four to six week intensive training course. (Depending on hours of training per day). This begins from day one. A timetable is issued to each employee to show the programme of Induction training. On the firs t day photographs are taken for access cards which are needed to enter and exit the building and to eat lunch.The new employees are then introduced to trainers and each other. A presentation on the history of Hertz and overview of the company is then given. Health and safety, HR and payroll are explained complyed by a tour of the building, customer services and fire safety. coffee tree breaks and lunch are timetabled in between. Staff handbooks are given out which includes many important issues on being an employee at Hertz. It provides the employee on important randomness such as canteen facilities, computers, discipline procedures, drug policy, security, absence, equal opportunities, bullying & sexual harassment and more.During week one of training the employee is given the opportunity to generate familiar and relaxed within Hertz. Week two of training consists of shadowing calls. This is done by sitting with a Team leader or customer service agent and listening in on their in coming and outbound calls. This is taken place in the market language of the position of the trainee. The purpose of this is to give the employee an insight into what their job initials. The trainees see how the agent enters the information into the computer.In week three and four the trainee is then thought how the system is used which is Escalibre. Country, city and airport codes are learned. There are also codes for the car type. Each car has four codes. Each position in the four-character vehicle code represents a definable property of the vehicle. They are given a list on the imput codes and must learn them off. The trainee is also trained in sales, i.e. how to sell a car reservation and how to take a call. Here are some guidelines in which they are trained to follow* Try to answer the telephone promptly* Greet the caller with a clear, cheerful voice* Identify yourself* Listen closely and offer assistance.* Act with speed and courtesy* Offer our customer a satisfactory conclu sion to his/her call.* clear a good image of HertzThey are trained as to how to deal with an angry caller* Firstly, dont take the problem in person* Stay calm and listen* Be patient.* Avoid interrupting until the caller has let off steam.* Avoid being rude yourself* Use careful questioning to crystalize out the problem* Offer positive assistance where possible.* If you are unable to deal effectively with the problem, make sure you pass the call on to soulfulness who can.* Never make false promises to get rid of the problemFurther training in week four consists of make mock calls i.e. practising with other trainees, reversing roles as the customer service agent and customer. Customers name is always Mr. TestAdditional training is given on the special offers, Hertz 1 club gold card, Le swap magique and other packages. The trainee is thought about the benefits and terms and conditions, which must be explained to the customers.After the four weeks of training the new employee is la y out to start their new position. Further on the job training is given during the duration of their new employment.4.2 Prevention of strain/injuryTraining must follow legal compliance. Without training agents are exposed to significantly increased risk of aches, pains, stress and debilitating injury. Information alone is very rarely effective as staff tend to dismiss it.Staff need to understand how to make the most of their workstation (chair, desk and equipment), how to take responsibility for their own comfort and safety and what to do if problems arise.Managers and IT staff office need to be familiar with policy of workplace and equipment and safety to ensure planning and maintenance are correct.5.0 Conclusions/RecommendationsI feel Hertz International Call Centre in Swords has a very up to date and efficient Recruitment, Selection and Training procedure. The interviews are intense by non-discriminatory. The selection procedure is rightly as it is essential for the company to choose the right candidate suitable for the position. The internal recruitment is also very successful as it gives the current staff of Hertz to progress within the company.Their training is very skilful and intense. The on-going training within the company is very successful and professional. I feel Hertz benefits from the procedures in which they have in place for the recruitment, selection and training of staff.6.0 BibliographyI would like to thank all the staff working in Hertz. Without them this report would not be possible. I received most of my knowledge and information on the company from them. I would also like to thank my auntie Ann for sitting down to sing to me about her work in Hertz.

A Persuasive Essay on Underage Drinking

Because under succession boozing is related to easy access to alcohol, an alcohol-related problem associated exclusively with new-fashioned people is that of under mature intoxication in licensed premises. Young people may enter bars, subject to the licensees permission, once they are 18 old age of age in England, Scotland and Wales.The corresponding age in the United States is 21. Survey findings show that between 10 and 20 per cent of 13 year olds floor that their usual location for drinking is in a public bar, club or disco. The proportion drinking in these establishments rises steadily with age, until at 17 years of age, between 50 and 90 per cent of young people choose licensed places in which to conduct their drinking (Wagenaar and Wolfson 1994).This paper argues that there is need in the determination of the extent to which raising the tokenish drinking age results in reduction in use and problems among young adults.Policies to restrict the minimum drinking age at which licensed sales to underage youth are permitted are intended to restrict youth access to alcohol and prevent the early onrush and rapid development of drinking problems among youth and young adults. It is of some interest in this regard to also determine the effects of lower minimum drinking ages on alcohol problems.There is now a strong and consistent body of knowledge in relation to the impact of drinking age laws for public drinking and making legal purchases of alcohol. This was influential in assisting community advocacy groups to push successfully for the drinking age to be raised to 21 in umteen US States, following experiences with earlier periods of relaxation (Wagenaar and Wolfson 1994).These drinking age laws stand as the highest in the world, being shared with Malaysia, South Korea and Ukraine. Most countries for which information is uncommitted have 18 as the legal drinking age and a handful of European countries have adopted 16 (Austria, Belgium, France, Italy and Spa in).There is persuasive evidence that changes to the minimum legal drinking age directly result in corresponding changes in levels of a variety of problems relating to alcohol intoxication, including road traffic fatalities, juvenile crime, terrible assault and drunkenness convictions for the affected age groups (Yu 1998).The US General Accounting Office (1987) conducted a systematic review of this topic and, on the basis of 14 studies judged to be methodologically sound, estimated reductions in fatal road crashes among young drivers to be 528%. In one study of changes in drinking age laws across four Australian states, reductions were significantly associated with increases in assaults.Following the drop in drinking age from 21 to 18 in Western Australia in 1970, evaluate of serious assault increased by 231% for juveniles in comparison with Queensland (Omalley and Wagenaar 1991).

Lord of the Flies vs. the Destructors Essay

Fiction looks at all ranges of topics through the eyes of so many diverse characters. Lord of the Flies and The Destructors is no different in the maven you see two peakly striking situations through the eyes of surprising characters. These stories both take a look at guild and the primitive aspects it merchantman have. The main characters in the story argon both children of young ages exhibiting surprising and sometimes extremely shocking look demoing a press release of innocence. They differ in the sense that Lord of Flies looks at how boisterous a human can get in desperate situations while the other is how savage a person can get against a society that feel victimized against.These two novels have similarities that can be easily identified. They both display groups of adolescents that ar inter playing with extreme situations. Lord of Flies depicts children stranded on an island and they must come together in order to find these solutions. Desperation sets in which motiva tes them to start acting more and more savage as time goes on. This is similar to The Destructors because the short story displays a similar group of young children who display savage behavior to a community. While 1 is a residential community and another is an island, the island represents a community for these boys for the time of the story because they are stranded upon it. Both stories display a power struggle through two characters in them. Lord of The Flies shows this through Jack and Ralph and In the Destructors this is seen through Trevor and Blackie. Jack and Ralph both act to become chief of the new tribe, Ralph winning by a few votes.However, as time goes on their primitive behaviors shine through creating a burst between the children and Jack develops his own tribe. Jacks influence motivates the children to become violent and savage toward Ralph and his group, resulting in killing one of Ralphs friend, Piggy. All of the teamwork and civilized behavior that Ralph repr esents is slowly gone until the children all turn into monsters, which Jack represents. Ralph was about structure and finding a rescue, which is evident in his design of two groups, one for food and one for a fire signal while jack was all about savage behavior and power over the other children. In the Destructors, Blackie and Trevor both have potential to be the leader of the Wormsley Common Gang and it can be seen through their dialogue that they are both aware that they sine qua non it. Blackie tries to display this by attempting to prevent Trevor from voting on what kind of trouble they get into when he late to their meeting but Trevor does not allow him.The spinning top of this struggle is when are discussing ideas and Trevor tells them about destroying Old mischances house from the inside. Blackie attempts his surmount to discourage with the potential of police and the inability to accomplish this but Trevor touch on to push the idea until it is voted for and chosen. This symbolized the end of Blackies reign of the group and when one member asks How do we start? Blackie simply walks away saying, Hell tell you. Implying that he knows what has occurred and realizing his role of leadership is taken over. Both groups in each story displayed how easily a dynamic can change through Power. When you look at the stories from another angle, you can see that the messages they have differ extremely. Lord of the Flies was all about human nature and the ends it can go.This novel is a eternal one because of the message it sends through the least likely characters, young boys. The Destructors is a more believable story because the type of violence that is seen in the story. While detriment to someones home is awful and the manner in which they did it was extremely special, Lord of The Flies uses violence against one another and results in psychotic breaks and children losing their lives at the hands of others. The longer these children are with one another, they start to lose more of their humanity and gain more primal instincts in ways of acting. Jack is the best candidate to display this because of how he grows more and more corrupt. After starting his own tribe, he has enabled himself to dictate what he feels his followers should do. He allowed them to become savage as well. If he felt that other children needed to be punished, he felt not hesitation and even was to the point of murdering another child.He started wearable clay masks, which represents the symbolism of having a new more primal faade. The novel wraps up with Ralph being rescued but crying because he reflects on everything that has happened and how furthest these young children have fallen and to what points they all reached. The Destructors really depicts a group of children who aim to destroy a neighborhood leaving an old mans house for last. These children differ from the ones in Lord of The Flies because though they do some pretty questionable acts, it is more delinqu ency rather than primal acts. These boys are doing violent actions because of the violence through the war they witness around them. With World War II going on, these children are witness to bombings often leaving them impression with the need to do something.They decide to become a gang that will make their mark around London, causing crime one more extreme than the next. Trevor motivates these boys to destroy an old mans house but instead of normally destroying it while he is away, they decide to wreck it from the inside out. Trevor says, Wed be like worms, dont you see, in an apple. (pg. 12) However, mid construction the old man, Old Misery, comes home unexpected and is locked away until the job is finished. The ending displays Old Misery sobbing as his house is destroyed and the lorry that was around ended the story by laughing saying Theres nothing individual(prenominal) but you got to admit its funny. (pg. 22)This is actually the exact opposite reaction of what Lord of The F lies displayed because even though Mr. Thomas was sobbing at his loss similar to Ralphs reaction, the Lorry laughed at the comedy of the situation. These stories all depict children doing things that typically we would not expect to see in society. However, the lack of a society in both novels has allowed behavior of this magnitude to occur. These stories show us that though they are different kinds of crimes and in different context, society is what can be considered the uncouth thread through both stories. Society and its influence can really effect the people that are in it and if you are in a society that doesnt provide a positive structure, you could display the actions seen in Lord of The Flies or The Destructors.

A Psychological Look Inside the Movie ‘Good Will Hunting’ Essay

In the film, Good Will Hunting, main character Will Hunting is a troubled young man from a poor part in south Boston. Following a youth of abusive foster care experiences and only himself left to trust, Hunting leads a life of self-sufficiency worthy a witty sharp shooter. A expectingly independent individual working as a janitor in renowned local university, MIT, he spends his down metre with a select group of buddies he considers family or isolated reading volumes of old novels and textbooks. Upon being found as the secret sleuth to a graduate aim mathematics problem, MIT professor Gerald Lambeau seeks out the janitor, Hunting, in efforts to engage his mind and make him an apprentice. As the plot twists, an earlier issue lands Hunting facing jail time for assaulting an officer during a fight in his neighborhood. With knowledge of this, Prof. Lambeau uses his university standing and professional name to allow a proposition to be offered to Hunting that Lambeau believes to be rec iprocally beneficial Hunting is freed from jail time under the stipulations that he works with Lambeau academically and sees a therapist for counseling purposes, simultaneously. Initially standoffish, Hunting doesnt seem interested, meanwhile a recent new love interest sways his thinking and he accepts Prof.Lambeau and the courts offer. While there seem to be a few quandarys listed above, including the professors initial interest in offering a lessened jail sentence for his potential protg, the intent of his proposal was not for sole self-interest if the informant understands his point of view and life experience. In his opinion, what person could possibly turn down an opportunity to work directly with an MIT professor and for free? For the purposes of this paper, the ethical dilemma discussed is what happens next in the plot of Good Will Hunting, and that is when Will (who burns through multiple therapists before connecting with one) and his eventual Psychologist, Sean Maguire beg in working together. Two major(ip) occurrences happen, one is that in an early meeting between the two, Hunting begins to test Maguire in efforts to make him lose his temper and it works. By discussing a painting in Maguires office that holds emotional value, Hunting is able to prod the weak areas of Maguires past and after he could no longer take it, he became irate and physically restrained Hunting by the throat.To quickly go over this and how it relates to the AmericanPsychological Associations Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct, this plain obvious violation is of course beyond all measures of intentions of helping but is also cited in Standard 3 Human Relations (APA Code of Ethics, 2014) in 3.04 Avoiding Harm Psychologists take reasonable steps to avoid harming their clients/patients, students, supervisees, research participants, organizational clients and other with whom they work, and minimize harm where it is foreseeable and unavoidable. In order to avoid such a situation, beyond the realm of Hollywood dramatization, a simple separation of the two people (professional and patient/client) to collect thoughts, breathe and reevaluate the circumstances would shit been an appropriate alternative to physical contact. A separate yet major occurrence of ethical standards in the film involves the follow through of professional table service to Hunting by Maguire as he deemed necessary when the role of Prof.Lambeau intended cessation of therapy so he could carry out his own prerogative. Maguire positively maintained the five foundational general principles as found in the APAs Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct Principle A Beneficence and Nonmaleficence seek to safeguard the benefit and rights of those with whom they interact professionally Principle B Fidelity and Responsibility concerned about the ethical compliance of their colleagues scientific and professional conduct Principle C Integrity strive to keep thei r promises and to avoid unwise or unclear commitments Principle D Justice exercise reasonable judgment and take precautions to batten that their potential biases, the boundaries of their competence and the limitations of their expertise do not lead to or condone unjust practices. Principle E Respect for Peoples Rights and hauteur respect the dignity and worth of all people, and the rights of individuals to privacy, confidentiality, and self-determination.

Ethical Theories Essay

Moral dilemmas are a part of daily life and the solutions presented to them are usually dependent on the ethics that govern the individual go about them. Every person at one point in sequence has been faced with a moral dilemma. This can be described as the determine which are used to determine the right way to handle a situation and the wrong way to go about it. Each society and association has its own moral index and in some societies, an execute may be viewed tolerable or right, while the same litigate in some other community would be viewed as intolerable and frowned upon.The moral index of a society usually goes hand in hand with religious beliefs and communities which are scrupulously inclined to have strict rules on what is suitable behaviour and what is not. Societies which have more secular values usually tolerate extreme or vitrine behavior. The difference in opinions of different people in what is normally right and wrong has led to the development of various ethi cal theories. Two of these theories are utilitarianism and indebtedness ethics. An example of a situation which brought about different ethical stand points is the Firestone Company tire recall in 1999 and 2000.The keep accompany had discovered that its newly intentional firestorm Radial ATX, ATX II and Wilderness AT tires were defective back in 1996, after 8 of the 18 times were singled out after they failed a running that tested the endurance of tires under high speed. Of the 14. 4 million tires sold approximately 6. 5 million tires had to be recalled due to defects in the details which manifold the tread and one steel belt separating from the other steel belt and carcass The details has led to serious and even fatal accidents as the cars overturn when the accidents occurred while they were in motion.In an attempt to show difference between utilitarianism and duty ethics we shall consider an engineer working for the company at the time and the stand he or she would take if they subscribed to utilitarianism or duty ethics Utilitarianism can be described as an ethical theory that proposes that the action that transmits good or favorable consequences to the majority is not subject to whether it is right or wrong meaning it is not subject to questioning. (Fredrick,2003) This theory was greatly championed by utilitarians such as John Stuart Mill.This theory advocates for actions that produce happiness to the greatest or largest number of people. In an ideal situation this may be mathematical but usually any action can produce happiness to many or a few people depending on the action. The theory does not usually advocate for the use of ethically correct actions at all times and thus actions which may be viewed as wrong sometimes bring happiness to a large group of people but the actions still remain morally wrong. An engineer subscribing to the utilitarianism way to life would have supported the company stand and the action it took.The company discovered that some tires were defective and did not recall the rest of the tires that had already been sold. This lead to accidents which caused suffering and death and it was not until an probe into the cause of the accidents that finally forced the Firestone Company to admit liability and recall the tires. The company did not recall the tires because it feared the losses that it would face incase the tires were all defective. The company chose to protect their profits margins at the expense of their clients. (Little, 2003)As an engineer with a utilitarianism view point this action would be the best because recalling would mean great losses and downsizing in terms of job which would mean unemployment for many people working at the company affecting both them and their dependants. The duty ethics proposes that the action taken in any situation should be just and honest and respectful to all persons involved. This ethical principle advances for the upholding of principles regardless to the wrong consequences whether they will be good or bad. (Graham,2004)An engineer working for the Firestone Company would have chosen to recall all the defective tires and conducted a through investigation to the causes of the defaults without external drive or the threat of law suits as inducement. The engineer moral compass would have guided them to make such a stand regardless to the radioactive dust which is this case would have resulted in major losses to the company. As per the requirements of the engineering profession, this mechanical engineer was ascribed to some basic fundamental ethics and the relevant victor codes of conduct while in the jurisdiction of their duty.These are guidelines aimed at providing safety standards for the engineers while at work and the common good of the society. However, the same was objectively pitiable in the Firestones case. As a basic requirement, they should exercise their professional skills and also knowledge in providing contentment in th e general human life. nonpartisanship and honesty should prevail in their service where fidelity to the public should never be compromised above that of clients and also employers. Elsewhere, engineers should pursue a continued development in their profession and bring service to their different clients without any conflict.These are the basic fundamentals of mechanical engineers whose proficiency is provided by the support of the canons of mechanical engineering. In shutdown the moral stand point taken by any individual should always be after requiring all the necessary information. This is because in every finality made, there are always individuals who love and those who benefit. As in the Firestone, the recalling decision would have resulted in loss. After careful evaluation one should decide on the decision that brings minimal losses in the involved activity.

Gender Studies: Mocking Jay

John J January 20, 2012 Gender Studies Mockingjay Katniss allow pick whoever she envisages she batht dwell without (Collins 329). In this passage Gale and Peeta are talking to each other while Katniss over hears them. They are in the middle of their mission on capturing president Snow. They think that Katniss is asleep, while Gale says Katniss will pick whoever she thinks she cant survive without. Katniss conforms to gender stereotypes by being confusing, indecisive, flirty and playing two different people.Katniss shows affection for both(prenominal) Gale and Peeta and confuses both of them throughout the novel on which one she actually loves. Stereotypically, women are confusing people that males cant understand. This is mostly the case for Peeta getting sent galore(postnominal) mixed messages which I think can be common IRL (In real life). Katniss is indecisive and plays both Gale and Peeta. Although judging by this quote Gale is basically saying she will choose Peeta, becaus e Katniss says she cant live without Peeta. Katniss follows gender stereotypes.Also I find that katniss is not really trying to be manipulative she is just indecisive she can both seem similar, just Katniss has no bad pretentions. Although I think both are stereotypes. Katniss is unsure throughout most of the series until it comes it to question sparing someone or killing someone. Katniss never really knows what to do until for example, saving Prim or killing Snow. She never knows whether to fall for Gale or fall for Peeta. She does not know what to do in District Thirteen and does not know what to do in the games or choosing teammates for the games.

Spirit Bound Chapter Six

YOU K promptly WHAT WE NEED?I was sitting between Eddie and Lissa, on our flight from Seattle to F coursebanks. As the shortestmargin completelyyand the mastermind, Id gotten stuck with the middle seat.A new plan? asked Lissa.A miracle? asked Eddie.I pa employ and gla scarlet at them both before responding. Since when had they become the comedians here? n unmatchable Stuff. We need cool gadgets if were going to pull this make. I tapped the prison blueprint that had been on my lap for virtually eery part of our trip so far. Mikhail had dropped us off at a small airport an hour away from the court of justice. Wed caught a commuter flight from there to Philadelphia, and from there to Seattle and now Fairbanks. It reminded me a piddling of the crazy flights Id had to take from Siberia anchor to the U.S. That journey had also g atomic number 53 via Seattle. I was starting to believe that city was a gateway to obscure places.I cerebration the only tools we take were our wits, mus ed Eddie. He might be serious ab go forth his defender work most of the time, exactly he could also wreak on his dry humor when relaxed. zero(prenominal) that he was to eminenty at ease with our mission here, now that he knew more of ( only when not all) the details. I knew hed snap backwards into readiness once we landed. Hed been under pedestalably shocked when Id revealed we were freeing lord Dashkov. I hadnt told Eddie anything ab turn egress Dimitri or spirit, only that getting Victor out played a larger role in the greater good. Eddies trust in me was so implicit that hed taken me at my word and pursued the issue no further. I wondered how hed react when he learned the truth.At the very least, were going to need a GPS, I utter. Theres only latitude and longitude on this thing. No real directions.Shouldnt be hard, state Lissa, turning a bracelet over and over in her hands. Shed opened her tray and spread out Tashas jewelry a elude it. Im sure even Alaska has advanced(a ) technology. Shed also rancid on a droll attitude, even with anxiety radiating by the bond.Eddies good mood faded a little. I confide you arent cyphering of guns or anything like that.No. Absolutely not. If this works how we want, no one will even know were there. A physical con presentation was likely, but I hoped to minimize serious injury.Lissa sighed and handed me the bracelet. She was worried because a lot of my plan depended on her charmsliterally and figuratively. I dont know if thisll work, but maybe itll kick down you more resistance.I took the bracelet and slipped it on my wrist. I felt nothing, but I only rarely did with charmed objects. Id left Adrian a note reflection that Lissa and I had wanted to escape for a girls getaway before my assignment and her college visit. I knew hed be hurt. The girl angle would carry a lot of weight, but hed feel injured at not being invited on on a daring vacationif he even believed we were on one. He in all likelihood knew me we ll enough by now to guess most of my actions had ulterior motives. My hope was that hed spread the story to Court officials when our disappearance was noticed. Wed di consoleery get in trouble, but a wild weekend was better than a prison break. And honestly, how could things get worse for me? The one flaw here was that Adrian could visit my dreams and grill me on what was really going on. It was one of the more interestingand occasionally annoyingspirit abilities. Lissa hadnt learned to walk dreams, but she had a crude understanding of the principle. surrounded by that and compulsion, shed attempt to charm the bracelet in a way that would block Adrian when I slept subsequent.The plane began its descent into Fairbanks, and I gazed out the window at tall pines and stretches of green land. In Lissas thoughts, I read how shed been half-expecting glaciers and snowbanks, despite knowing it was full summer here. After Siberia, Id learned to persist an open mind about regional stereot ypes. My toughgest concern was the sun. It had been full daylight when wed left the Court, and as our travels took us west, the time zone change meant that the sun stayed with us. Now, though it was almost nine in the evening, we had a full, sunny blue sky, thanks to our northern latitude.It was like a giant safety lightet. I hadnt mentioned this to Lissa or Eddie, but it seemed likely Dimitri would have spies everywhere. I was unobtainable at St. Vladimirs and the Court, but his letters had clearly stated hed be waiting for me to leave those boundaries. I didnt know the extent of his logistics, but military personnels watching the Court in daylight wouldnt have surprised me. And even though Id left hidden in a trunk, there was a affectionate possibility that Dimitri was already in pursuit. But the said(prenominal) light that guarded the prisoners would keep us safe too. Wed barely have a a equalize of(prenominal) hours of night to guard against, and if we pulled this off qui ckly, wed be out of Alaska in hardly any time at all. Of course, that might not be such a good thing. Wed lose the sun.Our setoff complication came after we landed and tried to rent a car. Eddie and I were eighteen, but none of the car companies would rent to anyone so young. After the third refusal, my ira began to grow. Who would have thought wed be delayed by something so idiotic? Finally, at a fourth counter, the woman hesitantly told us that there was a guy about a cubic centimetre from the airport who would likely rent us a car if we had a credit card and a big enough deposit.We make the walk in pleasant weather, but I could tell the sun was starting to bother Lissa by the time we reached our destination. Budof Buds renting Carsdidnt seem quite as sleazy as expected and did indeed rent us a car when we produced enough money. From there, we got a room at a modest motel and went over our plans again.All our information indicated that the prison ran on a vampire memorial, whi ch meant this was their active time of the day. Our plan was to stay in the hotel until the pastime day, when the Moroi night came, and catch some sleep beforehand. It gave Lissa more time to work on her charms. Our room was easily defendable.My sleep was Adrian-free, for which I was grateful, meaning hed either accept the girl trip or couldnt break through Lissas bracelet. In the morning, we rustled up some doughnuts for breakfast and ate a little bleary-eyed. Running against our vampire schedule was throwing us all off a little.The sugar helped kick-start us, though, and Eddie and I left Lissa around ten to go do some scouting. We bought my coveted GPS and a few other things at a sporting goods store along the way and used it to navigate remote country roads that seemed to lead nowhere. When the GPS claimed we were a mile from the prison, we pulled off to the side of a small dirt road and set off on foot across a field of tall bullet that stretched endlessly before us.I thought Alaska was tundra, said Eddie, crunching through the tall stalks. The sky was blue and clear again, with only a few clouds that did nothing to keep the sun away. Id started out in a light jacket but now had it tied around my waist as I sweated. Occasionally a welcome gust of wind would roll through, flattening the grass and whipping my hair around.I guess not all parts. Or maybe we have to go further north. Oh, hey. This looks promising.We came to a stop before a luxuriously, barbwire fence with an enormous PRIVATE PROPERTYNO UNAUTHORIZED PERSONNEL ALLOWED sign on it. The letter was red, apparently to emphasize how serious they were. Personally, I would have added a skull and crossbones to really drive the message home.Eddie and I studied the fence for a few moments, hence gave each other resigned glances. Lissa will heal up anything we get, I said hopefully.Climbing barbed wire isnt impossible, but its not fun. Tossing my jacket on the wires I had to grip went a long way to prot ect me, but I still ended up with some scratches and snagged clothing. Once I was at the top, I jumped down, preferring the jolting landing to another climb down. Eddie did the same, grimacing at the hard impact.We walked a little farther, and hence the dark line of a building came into sight. We both came to a halt as one and knelt down, seeking what coverage we could in the grass. The prison file had indicated that they had cameras on the outdoor(a), which meant we risked detection if we got too close. Id bought high-power binoculars along with the GPS and took them out now, studying the buildings exterior.The binoculars were goodreally goodas well they should have been for the price. The level of detail was amazing. Like so many Moroi creations, the building was a mixture of the old and the new. The fence ins were make of contraband gray stone blocks and almost entirely obscured the actual prison, whose roof just barely peeped above. A couple of figures paced along the top of the walls, living eyes to go with the cameras. The place looked like a fortress, impenetrable and inescapable. It deserved to be on a rocky cliff, with a sinister black sky behind it. The field and sun seemed out of place.I handed the binoculars to Eddie. He make his own assessment and then gestured to the left. There.Squinting, I just barely do out a truck or SUV driving up toward the prison. It went around the back and vanished from sight. Our only way in, I murmured, recalling the blueprint. We knew we had no shot of scaling the walls or even getting close enough on foot without being spotted. We needed to literally walk through the front door, and thats where the plan got a little sketchy.Eddie lowered the binoculars and glanced over at me, brow furrowed. I meant what I said before, you know. I trust you. Whatever antecedent youre doing this, I know its a good one. But before things start moving, are you sure this is what you want?I gave a harsh laugh. Want? No. But its what we need to do.He nodded. Good enough.We watched the prison a while longer, moving around to get different angles while still keeping a wide perimeter. The scenario was about what wed expected, but having a 3-D visual was still helpful.After about a half hour, we returned to the hotel. Lissa sat cross-legged on one of the beds, still working on the charms. The feelings coming through her were warm and content. Spirit always made her feel goodeven if it had side effects laterand she thought she was making progress.Adrian called my cell phone twice, she told me when we entered.But you didnt answer?Nope. Poor guy.I shrugged. Its better this way.We gave her a rundown of what wed seen, and her happy mood began to plummet. Our visit made what we were going to do later today more and more real, and working with so often spirit had already put her on edge. A few moments later, I sensed her swallowing her worship. She became resolved. Shed told me she would do this and she intended to stand by her word, even though she dreaded each second that brought her closer to Victor Dashkov.Lunch followed, and then a few hours later, it was time to put the plan into motion. It was early evening for humans, which meant the vampiric night would be drawing to an end soon. It was now or never. Lissa nervously distributed the charms shed made for us, worried they wouldnt work. Eddie dressed up in his newly bestowed black-and-white guardian formalwear while Lissa and I stayed in our street clotheswith a couple alterations. Lissas hair was a mousy brown, the result of some wash-in temporary hair color. My hair was tightly bound up underneath a curly red wig that reminded me uncomfortably of my mother. We sat in the backseat of the car while Eddie drove us chauffeur style back along the remote road wed followed earlier. hostile before, we didnt pull over. We stayed on the road, driving right up to the prisonor, well, to its gatehouse. No one spoke as we drove, but the tension and anxie ty within us all grew and grew.Before we could even get near the outer wall, there was a checkpoint manned by a guardian. Eddie brought the car to a stop, and I tried to look calm. He lowered the window, and the guardian on duty walked over and knelt so that they were at eye level.Whats your business here?Eddie handed over a piece of paper, his attitude confident and unconcerned, as though this were perfectly normal. Dropping off new feeders.The file had contained all sorts of forms and papers for prison business, including status reports and gear up forms for supplieslike feeders. Wed made a copy of one of the feeder requisition forms and filled it out.I wasnt notified of a delivery, the guardian said, not suspicious so much as puzzled. He peered at the paperwork. This is an old form.Eddie shrugged. Its just what they gave me. Im salmagundi of new at this.The man grinned. Yeah, you barely look old enough to be out of school.He glanced toward Lissa and me, and despite my practiced control, I tensed. The guardian frowned as he studied us. Lissa had deliberaten me a necklace, and shed taken a ring, both charmed with a slight compulsion spell to make others think we were human. It would have been much easier to make her victim wear a charm and force them to think they were seeing humans, but that wasnt possible. The magic was harder this way. He squinted, almost like he was looking at us through a haze. If the charms had worked perfectly, he wouldnt have arrive atn us a second glance. The charms were a little flawed. They were changing our appearances but not quite as clearly as wed hoped. That was why wed gone to the trouble of change our hair if the human-illusion failed, wed still have some identity protection. Lissa readied herself to work direct compulsion, though wed hoped it wouldnt come to that with every person we met.A few moments later, the guardian turned from us, apparently deciding we were human after all. I exhaled and unclenched my fists. I hadnt even realized Id been holding them. Hang on a minute, and Ill call this in, he told Eddie.The guardian stepped away and picked up a phone inside his booth. Eddie glanced back at us. So far so good?Aside from the old form, I grumbled.No way to know if my charms working? asked Eddie.Lissa had given him one of Tashas rings, charmed to make him appear tan-skinned and black-haired. Since she wasnt altering his race, the magic only needed to blur his features. Like our human charms, I suspected it wasnt projecting the exact image shed hoped for, but it should have altered his appearance enough that no one would identify Eddie later. With our resistance to compulsionand knowing there was a charm in place, which negated its effects on usLissa and I couldnt say for certain what he looked like to others.Im sure its fine, said Lissa reassuringly.The guardian returned. They say go on in, and theyll sort it out there.Thanks, said Eddie, taking the form back.The guards attitude implied that he simulated this was a clerical error. He was still diligent, but the idea of somebody sneaking feeders into a prison was hardly the kind of thing one would expector view as a security risk. Poor guy.Two guardians greeted us when we arrived at the door in the prisons wall. The three of us got out and were led into the grounds between the wall and the prison itself. Whereas St. Vladimirs and the Courts grounds had been lush and filled with plants and trees, the land here was stark and lonely. Not even grass, just hard-packed earth. Was this what served as the prisoners exercise area? Were they even allowed outside at all? I was surprised there wasnt a moat of some sort out here.The inside of the building was as grim as its exterior. The holding cells at Court were sterile and cold, all metal and blank walls. Id expected something similar. But whoever had designed Tarasov had foregone the modern look and alternatively emulated the kind of prison one might have found back in Romania in medieval days. The harsh stone walls continued down the hall, gray and foreboding, and the air was chill and damp. It had to make for unpleasant working conditions for the guardians assigned here. Presumably they wanted to ensure the intimidating facade extended everywhere, even for prisoners first entering the gates. check to our blueprint, there was a little section of dorms where employees lived. Hopefully those were nicer.Dark Ages decor or not, we passed the occasional camera as we walked down the hallway. This places security was in no way primitive. Occasionally we heard the heavy slamming of a door, but overall, there was a perfect, eerie silence that was almost creepier than shouts and screams.We were taken to the wardens office, a room that still had the same gloomy architecture yet was filled with the usual administrative accessories desk, computer, etc. It looked efficient, nothing more. Our escorts explained that we were going to see the assistant warden, since the senior one was still in bed. It figured. The subordinate would have gotten stuck with the night shift. I hoped that meant he was tired and unobservant. Probably not. That rarely happened to guardians, no matter their assignments.Theo Marx, said the assistant warden, shaking Eddies hand. He was a dhampir not much older than us, and I wondered if hed only been freshly assigned here.Larry Brown, replied Eddie. Wed come up with a boring name for him, one that wouldnt stand out, and had used it in the paperwork.Theo didnt speak to Lissa and me, but he did give us that same puzzled glance the first guy had as the charms glamour try its illusion. Another delay followed, but once more, we slipped through. Theo returned his attention to Eddie and took the requisition form.This is different from the usual one, he said.I have no clue, said Eddie apologetically. This is my first time.Theo sighed and glanced at the clock. The wardenll be on duty in another couple hours. I think were just going to have to wait until hes here to figure out whats going on. Sommerfields usually got their act together.There were a few Moroi facilities in the country that gathered feedersthose on the fringes of human society who were content to spend their lives high on vampire endorphinsand then distributed them. Sommerfield was the name of one such facility, located in Kansas City.Im not the only new person they just received, Eddie said. Maybe someone got confused.Typical, snorted Theo. Well, you might as well have a seat and wait. I depose get coffee if you want.When are we getting a victuals? I suddenly asked, using the whiniest, dreamiest voice I could. Its been so long.Lissa followed my lead. They said we could when we got here.Eddie rolled his eyes at what was typical feeder behavior. Theyve been like this the whole time.I ordure imagine, said Theo. Humph. Feeders. The door to his office was partially ajar and he called out of it. Hey, Wes? Can you come here?One of the escort guardia ns stuck his head inside. Yeah?Theo gave us a dismissive wave. Take these two down to the feeding area so they dont drive us crazy. If someones up, they can use them.Wes nodded and beckoned us out. Eddie and I made the briefest of eye contact. His face betrayed nothing, but I knew he was nervous. Getting Victor out was our job now, and Eddie didnt like sending us to the dragons lair.Wes led us through more doors and security checkpoints as we went deeper into the prison. I realized that for every layer of security I crossed to get in, I was going to have to cross it again to escape. According to the blueprint, the feeding area was situated on the opposite side of the prison. Id assumed wed take some route along the periphery, but instead we cut right through the buildings centerwhere the prisoners were kept. Studying had given me a sense of the layout, but Lissa didnt realize where we were headed until a sign alerted us WARNINGNOW ENTERING PRISONER AREA (CRIMINAL). I thought that wa s an odd wording. Wasnt everyone in here a criminal?Heavy double doors blocked this section off, and Wes used both an electronic code and a physical key to cross through. Lissas pace didnt change, but I felt her anxiety increase as we entered a long corridor lined with bar-covered cells. I didnt feel any better about it myself, but Weswhile still alertdidnt display any sign of fear. He entered this area all the time, I realized. He knew its security. The prisoners might be dangerous, but passing by them was a routine activity for him.Still, peeking inside the cells nearly made my heart stop. The little compartments were as dark and gloomy as anything, containing only bare-bones furnishings. Most of the prisoners were asleep, thankfully. A few, however, watched as we walked by. None of them said anything, but the silence was almost scarier. Some of the Moroi held there looked like ordinary people youd pass on the street, and I wondered what they could have possibly done to end up her e. Their faces were sad, devoid of all hope. I did a double take and realized that some of the prisoners werent Moroi they were dhampirs. It made sense but still caught me off guard. My own kind would have criminals that needed to be dealt with, too.But not all of the prisoners appeared benign. Others looked like they definitely belonged in Tarasov. There was a malevolence about them, a sinister feel as their eyes locked onto us and didnt let go. They scrutinized our every detail, though for what reason, I couldnt say. Were they seeking out anything that might offer escape? Could they see through our facades? Were they simply peckish? I didnt know but felt grateful for the silent guardians posted throughout the hall. I was also grateful that I didnt see Victor and assumed he lived in a different hall. We couldnt risk being recognized yet.We finally exited the prisoners corridor through another set of double doors and at last reached the feeding area. It too felt like a medieval dun geon, but images had to be kept up for the sake of the prisoners. Decor aside, the feeding rooms layout was similar to what St. Vladimirs had, except it was smaller. A few cubicles offered moderate privacy, and a bored-looking Moroi guy was reading a book at a desk but looked ready to fall asleep. There was only one feeder in the room, a scraggly-looking, middle-aged human who sat in a chair with a dopey smile on his face, staring at nothing.The Moroi flinched when we entered, his eyes going wide. Clearly, we were the most exciting thing to happen to him all night. He didnt have that moment of disorientation when he glanced at us he apparently had low compulsion resistance, which was good to know.Whats this?Two new ones just came in, said Wes.But were not imputable, said the Moroi. And we never get ones this young. They always give us the old, used-up ones.Dont ask me, said Wes, moving toward the door once hed indicated seats for Lissa and me. It was clear he found escorting feeders beneath him. Marx wants them here until Sullivan gets up. My guess is its going to turn out to be a mistake, but they were complaining about needing a fix.Wonderful, groaned the Moroi. Well, our next meals due in fifteen minutes, so I can give Bradley over there a break. Hes so gone, I doubt hed notice if someone else gave blood instead of him.Wes nodded. Well call down when weve got this straight.The guardian left, and the Moroi picked up a clipboard with a sigh. I had the feeling everyone here was kind of tired of their jobs. I could understand why. This had to be a miserable place to work. Give me the wider world anytime.Whos due to feed in fifteen minutes? I asked.The Morois head jerked up in astonishment. It wasnt the kind of question a feeder asked. What did you say?Lissa stood up and got him in her gaze. Answer her question.The mans face went slack. He was easy to compel. Rudolf Kaiser.No one either of us recognized. He could have been in here for mass murder or embezzlement for all I knew. Whens Victor Dashkov due? asked Lissa.Two hours.Alter the schedule. Tell his guards theres been a readjustment and he has to come now instead of Rudolf.The Morois blank eyesnow as dazed looking as Bradley the feeders, reallyseemed to take a moment to process this. Yes, he said.This is something that might happen normally. It wont examine suspicion.It wont raise suspicion, he repeated in a monotone.Do it, she ordered, voice hard. Call them, set it up, and do not take your eyes off of me.The Moroi complied. bit speaking on the phone, he identified himself as Northwood. When he disconnected, the arrangements had been made. We had nothing to do but wait now. My entire body was tightly wound with tension. Theo had said we had over an hour until the warden was on duty. No one would ask questions until then. Eddie simply had to kill time with Theo and not raise suspicions behind a paperwork error. Calm down, Rose. You can do this.While we waited, Lissa compelled Bradley the feeder into a heavy sleep. I didnt want any witnesses, even not drugged ones. Likewise, I turned the rooms camera ever so slightly, so it no longer could see the bulk of the room. Naturally, wed have to deal with the prisons entire surveillance system before we left, but for now, we needed no watching security personnel to catch sight of what was about to happen.I had just settled into one of the cubicles when the door opened. Lissa had stayed in her chair near Northwoods desk, so that she could keep her compulsion on him. Wed instructed him that I would be the feeder. I was enclosed, but through Lissas sight, I saw the group enter two guardians and Victor Dashkov.The same distress shed felt when seeing him at her trial shot up within her. Her heart rate increased. Her hands shook. The only thing that had finally calmed her back at the trial was the resolution of it all, knowing Victor would be locked away forever and unable to hurt her again.And now we were about to change all that.Forcibly, Lissa shoved her fear out of her mind so that she could keep her hold on Northwood. The guardians beside Victor were stern and ready for action, though they didnt really need to be. The sickness that had plagued him for yearsthe one Lissa had temporarily healed him ofwas starting to rear its head again. Lack of exercise and fresh air appeared to have taken a toll too, as had the moderate blood prisoners were supposedly given. The guards had him clad in shackles as an extra precaution, and the heavy weight dragged him down, almost making him shuffle.Over there, said Northwood, pointing at me. That one.The guardians led Victor past Lissa, and he barely gave her a second glance. She was working double compulsion keeping Northwood under her control and using a quick sever to make herself insignificant to Victor when he walked by. The guardians settled him into a chair beside me and then stepped back, still keeping him in sight. One of them struck up intercourse with No rthwood, noting our newness and youth. If I ever did this again, Id have Lissa charm us into looking older.Sitting beside me, Victor leaned toward me and opened his mouth. Feedings were so second nature, the motions always the same, that he hardly had to think about what he did. It was like he didnt even see me.Except, then he did.He froze, his eyes going wide. Certain characteristics marked the royal Moroi families, and light, adulteress eyes ran amongst both the Dashkovs and the Dragomirs. The weary, resigned look in his disappeared, and the cunning sharpness that so characterized himthe shrewd intellect I knew wellsnapped into place. It reminded me eerily of some of the prisoners wed passed earlier.But he was confused. Like the other people wed encountered, my charm was muddling his thoughts. His senses told him I was a human yet the illusion wasnt perfect. There was also the fact that Victor, as a strong non-spirit compulsion wielder, was relatively resistant to it. And just as Eddie, Lissa, and I had been immune to one anothers charms because we knew our true identities, Victor experienced the same effect. His mind might verify that I was human, but his eyes told him I was Rose Hathaway, even with my wig. And once that knowledge was solidified, the human illusion disappeared for him.A slow, intrigued smile spread over his face, blatantly displaying his fangs. Oh my. This might be the best meal Ive ever had. His voice was barely audible, covered by the conversation of the others.Put your teeth anywhere near me and itll be your last meal, I murmured, voice just as quiet. But if you want any chance of getting out of here and seeing the world again, youll do exactly what I say.He gave me a questioning look. I took a deep breath, dreading what I had to say next.Attack me.

Explorer Persuasive Research Essay Essay

The world is full of globey explorers, much of many who honestly are fumbling and are worthless, as explorers. In contrast, once they do a single thing that is miraculous and they tilt the entire perspective of who they are and what they are really capable of. Out of any explorer step to the fore at that place my explorer is beyond the best explorer, not only for what he has assumee, tho for his very admit confuse. My explorers name is Alvar Nunez Cabeza De Vaca, which in contrast from alwaysy other explorer has the modifyest and weirdest name out there.For many of you who go intot necessarily know what Cabeza de Vaca means, it means Cow head. Although his name was weird and funny catching, he excessively was the first gear to do much of many things, like being the first European to describe the States from Florida through Arizona. His writing is the oldest out of any other about history we have of the Native Americans, and he set out the stage for the conquest of this absolute. Many people wonder how come he got the name of Cabeza de Vaca, or Head of a Cow. Its strange to have a name like that because there is no reflection and there is no moral behind it, and no one can ever imagine having a name like that. The way he got his name, just shows how much of a cool explorer he really was. He was born in 1490 into Spanish nobility.His ancestors had long been warriors, which continued for generations. ane of his ancestors got that name after he was victorious in a battle after following a trail marked with cow skulls. This name stuck with him and continued on to Alvar Nunez. This name distinguished him as a fine officer in battles. He was immune to suffering. This gave him his popularity and a name to be known as, which distant any other explorer is something not many others have thus making him the best. Cow Head, was the first European to describe America from Florida through Arizona. In June 17, 1527 He leaves Spain with 299 other men and his ca ptain, where he was decreed crown treasurer of the expedition, which was an important position.During this exploration, Vaca lived various events, which led to the description of it in its own. He described villages he saw, how he survived and what Americas Natives told him at various places along his way. This description influenced Coronado and DeSoto two men who changed this uncorrupted forever. An explorer who lives extreme adventures, describes and influences men who changed this continent, is one amazing thing that not all explorers did, which further much proves that this Cow Head guy is the best without doubt. If he hadnt influenced anyone, these changes on the continent wouldnt have happened, and whether that could have been a good thing or not, it changed our way of life now. His writings were the oldest, but had the nearly meaningful information on the Indians. These were people who the Spanish had to defeat or make peace with to curb this new world of the Americas.V acas writing gave new explorers detailed information, about who the Indians were and how to live among them. This gave a slap-up advantage to the Spanish, because Vaca set the stage or mood to conquer these people. His explorations and discoveries led to the defeat and birth of a new world that wasnt yet known. Other people may have discovered the Americas, but they didnt conquer it, and although Vaca didnt do it physically, he did it through the course of his time there, because he analyzed, composed, and delivered. Cabeza de Vaca, the man who inherited the name of Head of a Cow, was the best explorer.He made possible everything that is today, for his adventure changed the continent through his writing and the people who he influenced. He experienced many triumphs and amazing occasions, in which he is well known to this day for. So the next time you think of a great explorer, dont think about someone who just got lucky, but think of Vaca and all of the great, historical achievement s he still leads on to this day.

A Man Defined by War Essay

Similar to many authors during the primal part of the 20th century, Ernest Hemingway uses his first hand experience to write meticulous novels conveying his struggles. Hemingways efforts atomic number 18 recorded utilise new techniques not yet seen before. Hemingway, the author of the celebrated A Farwell To Arms, incorporates meaningful diction, imagery, and phrase structure in Book 1 to convey his detached t single towards the Gr use up War.Book 1 of A Farewell To Arms sets the groundwork for one of the most influential novels of all time. Lieutenant Frederick hydrogen, an American ambulance device driver for the Italian army, seems stoic about his situation. henry meets a British nurse, Catherine Barkley. After an evening with Catherine, he says to himself, I had treated seeing Catherine very lightly, I had gotten somewhat drunk and had nearly forgotten to come just when I could not see her there I was feeling lonely and hollow. (41).This is the first time Henry fully recog nizes that he loves Catherine. His body drained of guilt, Henry utter, when I could not see her.I was feeling hollow. A l everyplace without a clue, Henry lays his problems, the war, his love life, and his friends on the table. While away from Catherine, he feels he goes through the motions needed to live but can not actually be attached to the world. Catherine completes him. Just aft(prenominal) the priest discusses God, Henry walks through Abruzzi. He thinks to himself,lovely was the fall to go hunting through the chestnut tree woods. The birds were all good because they fed on grapes and you never took a lunch because the peasants were always honored if you would eat with them at their houses.(73).Henrys thoughts are obviously disconnected from his main problems. Pondering the birds, Henry detaches himself from the endure of the war. Hemingways personal issues regarding the war are exemplified in Henrys speech.Vibrant, vivid imagery became one of Hemingways favorite structural devices. In the early stages of the tale, Henry, still getting accustomed to his surroundings, finds time to asseverate the less important items of his experience. While viewing the scenery around him, Henry observes, snow slanted across the wind, the bare ground was covered, the stumps of trees projected, there was snow on the guns and there was paths in the snow going post to the latrines behind trenches. (6). His world completely changed, Henry resorts to crafting detached images for himself from his surroundings. Snow generates a sense of permanence, just as the war itself has produced. With the same disinterest as he has in the war, Henry continues to show a neglect of concern on his job and sometimes with his friends. Hemingway wants the contributor to reconsider their opinion of the Great War and hypothesise the lesser things in the world such as nature.While driving an ambulance to Pavla, Henrys elevator car is demolished by a trench mortar. A general without his au thority, Henry struggled through this tragedy using his unbelievable willpower and audacity. Just before the attack, Henry, ate the end of my piece of cheese and took a engulf of winethen there was a flash, as when a blast-furnace door is swung open, and a roar that started face cloth and went red and on and on in a rushing wind. (54). The mortar blast that attacks Henrys ambulance furthers his dismal attitude towards the war. Hemingway roll in the hays that innocent men such as Henry have been injured and killed passim this war and he knows this is not fair. Above all, he further detaches Henry from the world and the war for the readers own thoughts to form about the evilness of guiltless casualties.Syntactical devices are one of literary productionss most important and practical modes to get a point across in an elicit and interesting manner. Authors utilize such tools to get deeper meanings across to the reader. A variety of syntax Hemingway utilizes is known as subject. Ad ditionally, while he is illustrating one of those most impressing scenes of Book 1, Henry must deal with other feelings and sights. Henry observes, The dead were off to one side. The doctors were working with their sleeves up to their shoulders and were red as butchers. There were not sufficiency stretchers. Some of the wounded were noisy but most were quiet (56-57).To cope with his negative opinions towards the war, Henry draws up his inner strength to battle them. With the same resolve that drove him to the war, Henry eliminates feelings of sorrow and shows a lack of interest on the front. Another syntactical device utilizes repetition. To prepare the reader for the upcoming idea, Hemingway creates a vivid structural masterpiece. During a mess hall scene in Book 1, Henry narrates, Yes, father. That is true, father. Perhaps, father. No, father. Well, maybe yes, father. You know more about it than I do father. (38). By repeating the same father over and over again, Hemmingway initi ates a serious, monotonous ghost to this excerpt.The repetition alone is a cautious statement bending the limits of belles-lettres itself. Dr. Robert Lamb believes repetition is key to creating great literature, but the author must know how to apply it. He states, the most remarkable aspect of the passage is Hemingwaysemployment of repetition. The repetition of key words interchangeable want and perfectlyare used to keep the dialogues relevant. (Hemingway and the Creation17). Hemingway effectively displays repetition demonstrating Henrys disinterest and detachment from the war and all of its horrors. The everlasting war establishes Henrys dismal tone as he struggles to survive the war. Out of Henrys struggles emerged his strengths.In conclusion, Ernest Hemingways innovative techniques in the fields of diction, imagery, and syntax generate the protagonists detachment from World War I in Book 1. Deriving from his disinterest comes his affection for a young British nurse. Hemingways own conflicts in World War I blend with his views from that war and congregate in this masterpiece.

Effect of Internal Controls on Financial Performance Essay

Over the past decade, Africa and opposite underdeveloped neck of the woodss rent been in the midst of tremendous changes. Market liberalization and regimeal decentralization policies corrobo deem interfaced with globalization and urbanization trends to dramatic either remainder(predicate)y transform social, political, economical and cultural lives. In this context of rapid change, SME operations earth-closet no longer re of import behind serving only to meet sustenance income for their receiveers. SMEs engagements dumbfound to become a dynamic and integral part of the grocery economy. The identification of circumstanceors that determine new game practiceance such as survival, emergence or profitability has been one of the or so central palm of entrepreneurship research (Sarasvathy, 2004). A multitude of research papers has foc utilize on exploring various variables and their impact on slaying (Bamford et al., 2004). However, in order to be able to analyze and mode l the performance of new ventures and SMEs, the complexness and dynamism they be facing as well as the fact that they may non be a homogenous group solely importantly several(predicate) in regard to many characteristics (Gartner et al., 1989) cook to be taken into account.In line with the preceding(prenominal), there hurt been challenging debates all over the humans on the place played by itty-bitty and spiritualist Enterprises (SMEs) towards economic nurture. Therefore, a vast literary payoffs on the harvest-tide and performance of SMEs has been developed over the years. miserable and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) moderate had a privileged treatment in the development literature, particularly over the last cardinal decades. Hardly any arguments atomic identification number 18 put forward against SMEs, pull down if development policies do non necessarily favour them and economic programs, voluntarily or not, often continue to result in king-sized metropolis inve stment. Arguments for SMEs come from almost all corners of the development literature programs, particularly in the less(prenominal) developed countries (LDCs), persist to emphasise the government agency of SMEs, even if practical results differ from the rhetoric. (Carlos Nuno Castel-Branco. May, 2003) Therefore, SMEs seem to be an accepted wisdom within the development debate.It is believed that growth in SMEs should puddle a positive effect on the living conditions of the mountain, their income level, housing, utilities. Castel-Branco (2003), in a study, revealed that this is not everlastingly true because atomic number 18as where SMEs be performing so well attracts public attention and many competitors begin to march into the atomic number 18a. This subsequently leads to over congestion with its associated experiences of which accommodation is not an exception. The structure of SMEs in gold coast as possibly one of the main engines of growth can be viewed as countri fied and urban green lights. For urban enterprises, they can either be planned or unplanned. The planned-urban enterprises ar characterized by paid employees with registered offices whereas unplanned-urban enterprises are by and large absorbed to the home, open space, temporal wooden structures, and example therein is family or apprentices orient.In the recent pursuit of economic progress, gold coast as a create country has generally come to recognize that the SME sector may well be the main driving force for growth, due to its entrepreneurial resources and employment opportunities. Nevertheless, the existing attempts to seek empirically the roles played by SME in the economic development of a nation are close up somewhat ambiguous. This can be attributed, much or less, to the fact that when examining economic progress per se, economists have tended to contract the industrial structure of the economy and the impact this can have on such development. The ambiguity of the rol e of SMEs has therefore necessitated the need for a study to be conducted to access the actual impact of the proliferation of SMEs on the inhabitants of the Medina community.1.2 trouble StatementThe splendid avocation sector is recognized as an integral component of economic development and a crucial element in the effort to lift countries out of poverty (Wolfenson, 2001). The dynamic role of venial and median(a) enterprises (SMEs) in developing countries as engines through which the growth objectives of developing countries can be achieved has long been recognized. The growth of subtle scale businesses in gold coast so rapid, that it is directly seen as a daily affair. Many Potential owners of SMEs move to areas where the feel they can succeed to set them up there. more so, many factors may contribute to the movement of people to settle at certain geographical areas.It is believed that the factors that warp migration admit the need for peaceful and violent free environmen t, the need for fertile business locations, the desire for privacy, government policy and a boniface of others. Specifically, with fixence to the above, the Medina municipality of the greater Accra region has experienced a noticeable growth and increase in the flake movements into the area and for that matter SMEs increase in the last a few(prenominal) years. It is important to mention that some research studies have been conducted to determine the real impact of migrations on host societies. In line with the above, this study sorts to assess the nature of SMEs in Medina with respect to the matter of men and women, the main sources funds for them, the main objectives and challenges faced by SMEs in Medina, moderatenesss the explosion of SMEs in Medina and the scio-economic impacts of this growth of SMEs in Medina.1.3 Objectives1.3.1 briny ObjectiveThe main objective of this study is to assess the general impact of the plorefication of SMEs in Medina on the Medina municipalit y of the Greater Accra region.1.3.2 Specific Objectives1. To assess the nature and forms of SMEs in Medina and the relative involvement of women and men. 2. To identify the main objectives and challenges of SMEs in Medina and to rank them in order of importance. 3. Assess the main sources of capital for SMEs in Medina.4. To assess the term of SMEs in Medina with regard to business registration, savings, record keeping and business account holding. 5. To determine the factors that account for the egression of nice scale businesses in the Medina community 6. To assess the socio-economic impacts of the growth of SMEs in Medina1.4 Research QuestionsThe study shall provide answers to the pursuit research questions 1. What is the nature of SME operation in Medina and the relative involvement of women and men? 2. What are the main objectives and challenges of SMEs in Medina and which are ranked more importance? 3. What are the main sources of capital for SMEs in Medina?4. What are the status of SMEs in Medina with regard to business registration, savings, record keeping and business account holding? 5. What factors have accounted for the emergence of small scale businesses in the Medina community? 6. What are the socio-economic impacts of the growth of SMEs in Medina? 1.5 Justification of the StudyIt is tricky to analyze the performance, nature of operation and behavior of the SME sector in gold coast due to the lack of extensive information on them and their activities. The sector is not classified into sub-sectors and the last industrial survey was conducted in 1995 but covered only speciality and big industries. In respect of this, the justification of this study rests on the fact that, study leave alone process provide information on the nature of SMEs in Medina with respect to the involvement of men and women, the main sources funds for them, the main objectives and challenges faced by SMEs in Medina, reasons the explosion of SMEs in Medina and the so cio-economic impacts of this growth of SMEs in Medina.Furthermore, the study while provide vital information policy makers of the Medina municipality and all other stakeholders of the Medina community. ultimately the study while produce information to pass on add on to existing literature for hike studies in this area. 1.6 Scope and Limitations of the StudyDue to time and resource constrains, this study is restricted particularly to the Medina community. The study focuses on the factors that account for the growth of SMEs in Medina and the socio-economic impacts of this change on the people of Medina among others. The study is limited in scope because it fails to cover the entire population of gold coast. The findings of this study may therefore lack generalizability as cold as other communities in gold coast are concern.1.7 Organization of the StudyChapter 1 deals with the background of the study, the problem statement, objectives of the study, justification of the study and or ganization of the study. Chapter 2 reviews both theoretical and empirical literatures on SMEs in general, in Ghana among others. Chapter 3 introduces the study area and describes the methodologies used to analyze the problems stated. It includes the methods used for data collection, and procedure for data analysis. Chapter 4 is devoted to rescueation and discussion of results. Summary statistics of the variables used in the study are presented and discussed. Chapter 5 winds up this study drawing conclusions, their policy implications. Suggestions for future research based on the findings are make.CHAPTER cardinal2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 IntroductionThis chapter reviews feeds on small and ordinary enterprises in the world, Africa and Ghana. The state of SMEs in Ghana is reviewed here. Also, Works on performance and determinants of performance of SMEs are captured. Furthermore, a section of this chapter assesses the various methods of quantity performance of SMEs which while help open up the understanding of the state of SMEs in Medina. Finally, this chapter closes with some migration theories to help facilitate the comprehension of the factors that actually account for human migration, in this case migration to Medina.2.2 commentarys and Concepts of SMEsThere is no single, uniformly acceptable, definition of a small firm ( narrative, 1994). Firms differ in their levels of capitalization, sales and employment. Hence, definitions that employ measures of size (number of employees, turnover, profitability, last worth, etc.) when applied to one sector could lead to all firms universe classified as small, while the kindred size definition when applied to a various sector could lead to a different result. The branch attempt to overcome this definition problem was by the Bolton Committee (1971) when they formulated an economic and a statistical definition. Under the economic definition, a firm is regarded as small if it meets the fol upseting three criteriai . It has a relatively small share of their market placeii. It is managed by owners or part owners in a change way, and not through the medium of a testicleized management structure iii. It is in pendant, in the sense of not forming part of a large enterprise. The Committee also devised a statistical definition to be used in three main areas a. Quantifying the size of the small firm sector and its contribution to GDP, employment, exports, etc. b. canvas the extent to which the small firm sectors economic contribution has changed over time c. Applying the statistical definition in a cross-country comparison of the small firms economic contribution.Thus, the Bolton Committee employed different definitions of the small firm to different sectors. 2.2.1 Criticism of the Bolton Committees Economic Definition of SMEs A number of weaknesses were identified with the Bolton Committees economic and statistical definitions. First, the economic definition which states that a small business i s managed by its owners or part owners in a personalized way, and not through the medium of a formal management structure, is incompatible with its statistical definition of small manufacturing firms which could have up to 200 employees. As firm size increases, owners no longer make principal decisions but devolve responsibility to a team of managers.For example, it is unalikely for a firm with hundred employees to be managed in a personalized way, suggesting that the economic and statistical definitions are incompatible. Another shortcoming of the Bolton Committees economic definition is that it considers small firms to be operating in a perfectly competitive market. However, the idea of perfect competition may not apply here many small firms occupy niches and provide a highly specialized returns or product in a geographically isolated area and do not discern any clear competition (Wynarczyk et al, 1993 Storey, 1994). Alternatively, Wynarczyk et al (1993) identified the character istics of the small firm other than size. They argued that there are three ways of differentiating mingled with small and large firms. The small firm has to deal with(a) Uncertainty associated with being a damage taker(b) Limited client and product base(c) Uncertainty associated with greater diversity of objectives as compared with large firms. As Storey (1994) stated, there are three key distinguishing features surrounded by large and small firms. Firstly, the greater external uncertainty of the environment in which the small firm operates and the greater internal soundbox of its motivations and actions. Secondly, they have a different role in innovation. Small firms are able to produce something marginally different, in terms of product or dish up, which differs from the standardized product or service provided by large firms. A third area of distinction between small and large firms is the greater likelihood of phylogeny and change in the smaller firm small firms that becom e large undergo a number of stage changes.2.2.2 Criticism of the Bolton Committees Statistical Definition of SMEs (i) No single definition or criteria was used for smallness, (number of employees, turnover, ownership and assets were used instead) (ii) Three different upper limits of turnover were specified for the different sectors and two different upper limits were identified for number of employees. (iii) Comparing monetary units over time requires turn of index numbers to take account of price changes. Moreover, currency fluctuations make international comparison more difficult. (iv) The definition considered the small firm sector to be homogeneous however, firms may grow from small to medium and in some cases to large. It was against this background that the European Commission (EC) coined the term Small and Medium Enterprises (SME). The SME sector is made up of three components(i) Firms with 0 to 9 employees micro enterprises(ii) 10 to 99 employees small enterprises(iii) c arbon to 499 employees medium enterprises.Thus, the SME sector is comprised of enterprises, which employ less than 500 workers. In effect, the EC definitions are based solely on employment rather than a multiplicity of criteria. Secondly, the use of 100 employees as the small firms upper limit is more appropriate given the increase in productivity over the last two decades (Storey, 1994). Finally, the EC definition did not assume the SME group is homogenous, that is, the definition makes a distinction between micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises. However, the EC definition is too all embracing for a number of countries. Researchers would have to use definitions for small firms that are more appropriate to their particular target group (an operational definition). It must be evince that debates on definitions turn out to be sterile unless size is a factor that influences performance. For instance, the relationship between size and performance matters when assessing the impact of a recognize programme on a targeted group (also refer to Storey, 1994).2.2.3 Alternative Definitions of SMEsWorld camber since 1976 Firms with icy assets (excluding land) less than US$ 250,000 in value are Small outmatch Enterprises. Grindle et al (1988) Small scale enterprises are firms with less than or equal to 25 permanent members and with fixed assets (excludingland) worth up to US$ 50,000. USAID in the 1990s Firms with less than 50 employees and at least half the output is sold (also refer to Mead, 1984). UNIDOs Definition for Developing Countries Large firms with 100+ workers Medium firms with 20 99 workers Small firms with 5 19 workers Micro firms with 5 workers UNIDOs Definition for Industrialized Countries Large firms with 500+ workers Medium firms with 100 499 workers Small firms with 99 workers From the various definitions above, it can be said that there is no unique definition for a small and medium scale enterprise and so, an operational definit ion is required.2.2.4 Definitions SMEs in GhanaSmall Scale enterprises have been variously defined, but the most commonly used monetary standard is the number of employees of the enterprise. In applying this definition, confusion often proceeds in respect of the notion and cut off gunpoints used by the various official sources. As contained in its Industrial Statistics, The Ghana Statistical Service (GSS) considers firms with less than 10 employees as Small Scale Enterprises and their counterparts with more than 10 employees as Medium and Large-Sized Enterprises. Ironically, The GSS in its national accounts considered companies with up to 9 employees as Small and Medium Enterprises (Kayanula and Quartey, 2000). An alternate criterion used in defining small and medium enterprises is the value of fixed assets in the organization.However, the National placard of Small Scale Industries (NBSSI) in Ghana applies both the fixed asset and number of employees criteria. It defines a Smal l Scale Enterprise as one with not more than 9 workers, has plant and machinery (excluding land, buildings and vehicles) not portentous 10 million Cedis (US$ 9506, using 1994 exchange rate) (Kayanula and Quartey, 2000). The Ghana Enterprise Development Commission (GEDC) on the other hand uses a 10 million Cedis upper limit definition for plant and machinery.A point of caution is that the process of valuing fixed assets in itself poses a problem. Secondly, the continuous depreciation in the exchange rate often makes such definitions out-dated (Kayanula and Quartey, 2000). Steel and Webster (1990), Osei et al (1993) in defining Small Scale Enterprises in Ghana used an employment cut off point of 30 employees to indicate Small Scale Enterprises. The latter(prenominal) however dis-aggregated small scale enterprises into 3 categories (i) micro -employing less than 6 people (ii) very small, those employing 6-9 people (iii) small -between 10 and 29 employees.2.3 Why Small and Medium Scale Enterprises?The choice of small and medium scale enterprises within the industrial sector for this study is based on the following propositions (Kayanula and Quartey, 2000).(a) Large Scale Industry(i) Have not been an engine of growth and a good provider of employment (ii) already receive enormous strengthener through general change, finance, tax policy and direct subsidies(b) Small and Medium Scale Enterprises(i) Mobilize funds which otherwise would have been idle(ii) Have been recognized as a seed-bed for natal entrepreneurship (iii) Are mash intensive, employing more labour per unit of capital than large enterprises(iv) Promote indigenous technological know-how(vii) Are able to compete (but behind protective barriers)(viii) Use chiefly topical anaesthetic resources, thus have less foreign exchange requirements(ix) Cater for the needs of the poor and(x) Adapt considerably to customer requirements (flexible specialization), (Kayanula and Quartey, 2000). 2.4.0 The Role and Characteristics of SMEs2.4.1 Role of SMEs in Developing CountriesSmall-scale rural and urban enterprises have been one of the major(ip) areas of concern to many policy makers in an attempt to accelerate the rate of growth in low income countries. These enterprises have been recognized as the engines through which the growth objectives of developing countries can be achieved. They are potence sources of employment and income in many developing countries. It is estimated that SMEs employ 22% of the adult population in developing countries (Daniels & Ngwira, 1992 Daniels & Fisseha, 1993 Fisseha, 1992 Fisseha & McPherson, 1991 Gallagher & Robson, 1995). However, some authors have contended that the job creating impact of small scale enterprises is a statistical flaw it does not take into account offsetting factors that make the net impact more modest (Biggs, Grindle & Snodgrass, 1988).It is argued that increases in employment of Small and Medium Enterprises are not always associated wit h increases in productivity. Nevertheless, the important role performed by these enterprises cannot be overlooked. Small firms have some advantages over their large-scale competitors. They are able to adapt more easily to market conditions given their broadly skilled technologies. However, narrowing the analysis down to developing countries raises the following puzzle Do mild enterprises have a dynamic economic role? Due to their flexible nature, SMEs are able to withstand adverse economic conditions. They are more labour intensive than bigger firms and therefore, have lower capital costs associated with job creation (Anheier & Seibel, 1987 Liedholm & Mead, 1987 Schmitz, 1995).Small-scale enterprises (SSEs) perform useful roles in ensuring income stability, growth and employment. Since SMEs are labour intensive, they are more likely to succeed in smaller urban centres and rural areas, where they can contribute to the more even distribution of economic activity in a region and can h elp to slow the flow of migration to large cities. Because of their regional dispersion and their labour intensity, it is argued that small-scale production units can promote a more equitable distribution of income than large firms. They also improve the force of domestic markets and make productive use of scarce resources, thus, facilitating long term economic growth.2.4.2 Characteristics of SMEs in GhanaA distinguishing feature of SMEs from larger firms is that the latter have direct access to international and local capital markets whereas the former are excluded because of the higher intermediation costs of smaller projects. In addition, SMEs face the same fixed cost as Large Scale Enterprises (LSEs) in complying with regulations but have limited capacity to market products abroad. SMEs in Ghana can be categorised into urban and rural enterprises. The former can be sub-divided into organised and unorganised enterprises. The organised ones tend to have paid employees with a regi stered office whereas the unorganised class is mainly made up of artisans who work in open spaces, temporary wooden structures, or at home and employ little or in some cases no salaried workers.They rely mostly on family members or apprentices. Rural enterprises are largely made up of family groups, individual artisans, women engaged in food production of local crops. The major activities within this sector include- soap and detergents, fabrics, clothing and tailoring, cloth and leather, village blacksmiths, tin-smithing, ceramics, timber and mining, beverages, food processing, bakeries, wood furniture, electronic assembly, agro processing, chemical based products and mechanics ( Liedholm & Mead, 1987 Osei et al, 1993, World Bank, 1992). It is kindle to note that small-scale enterprises make better use of scarce resources than large-scale enterprises.Research in Ghana and many other countries have shown that capital productivity is often higher in SMEs than is the case with LSEs (Steel, 1977). The reason for this is not difficult to see, SMEs are labour intensive with very small amount of capital invested. Thus, they tend to witness high capital productivity, which is an economically sound investment. Thus, it has been argued that promoting the SME sector in developing countries will pretend more employment opportunities, lead to a more equitable distribution of income, and will ensure increase productivity with better technology (Steel & Webster, 1990).2.5 SME ApproachesThere are several approaches or theories to entrepreneurship and small and medium enterprises. For the use of goods and services of this study, the research team will dwell on three major theories. These include venture opportunity, dresser scheme and Theory of Equity Funds2.5.1 The Venture OpportunityThe venture opportunity school of popular opinion focuses on the opportunity aspect of venture development. The search for idea sources, the development of concepts and the implementation of venture opportunities are the important interest areas for this school. Creativity and market awareness are viewed as essential. Additionally, according to this school of thought, developing the right idea at the right time for the right market niche is the key to entrepreneurial success. Major proponents include N Krueger 1993, Long W. & McMullan 1984. Another development from this school of thought is what is described by McMullan (1984) as corridor normal. This principle outlines that, giving prior attention to new pathways or opportunities as they arise and implementing the necessary steps for action are key factors in business development.The maxim that preparation coming together opportunity, equals luck underlines this corridor principle. Proponents of this school of thought believe that proper preparation in the interdisciplinary business segments will enhance the ability to recognise good venture opportunities. Comparing the study with the above theory, the question t hat arises is What are the factors or opportunities that have led to the proliferation of small and medium scale enterprises in Medina Township? Is it due to a particular market niche, creativity or market awareness? If so, then what socio-economic impact do they have on the people of Medina Township?2.5.2 Agency TheoryAgency theory deals with the people who own a business enterprise and all others who have interests in it, for example managers, banks, creditors, family members, and employees. The agency theory postulates that the sidereal day to day running of a business enterprise is carried out by managers as agents who have been engaged by the owners of the business as principals who are also known as shareholders. The theory is on the notion of the principle of two-sided transactions which holds that any financial transactions involves two parties, both acting in their own best interests, but with different expectations. Major proponents of this theory include Eisenhardt 1989, Emery et al.1991 and JH Davis 1997. These Proponents of agency theory assume that agents will always have a personal interest which conflicts the interest of the principal. This is usually referred to as the Agency problem.2.5.3 Theory of Equity FundsEquity is also known as owners equity, capital, or net worth. Costand et al (1990) suggests that larger firms will use greater levels of debt financing than small firms. This implies that larger firms will rely relatively less on equity financing than do smaller firms. According to the pecking order framework, the small enterprises have two problems when it comes to equity funding McMahon et al. (1993, pp153) 1) Small enterprises usually do not have the option of issuing additive equity to the public.2) Owner-managers are strongly averse to any dilution of their ownership interest and control. This way they are unlike the managers of large concerns who usually have only a limited degree of control and limited, if any, ownership inter est, and are therefore prepared to recognize a broader range of funding options. Modern financial management is not the ultimate answer to every whim and caprice. However, it could be argued that there is some food for thought for SMEs concerning every concept. For example Access to Capital is really eye-opener for SMEs in Ghana to carve their way into sustaining their growth.2.6 Policies for Promoting SMEs in GhanaSmall-scale enterprise promotion in Ghana was not impressive in the 1960s. Dr. Nkrumah (President of the First Republic) in his modernization efforts emphasized state participation but did not encourage the domestic indigenous sector. The local entrepreneurship was seen as a potential political threat. To worsen the situation, the deterioration in the Balance of Payments in the eighties and the overvaluation of the exchange rate led to reduce capacity utilization in the import dependent large-scale sector. Rising inflation and falling real wages also forced many formal se ctor employees into secondary self-employment in an attempt to earn a decent income. As the economy declined, large-scale manufacturing employment stagnated (Kayanula and Quartey, 2000).According to Steel and Webster (1991), small scale and self-employment grew by 2.9% per annum (ten times as many jobs as large scale employment) but their activities accounted for only a third of the value added. It was in the light of the above that the government of Ghana started promoting small-scale enterprises. They were viewed as the mechanism through which a transition from state-led economy to a private oriented developmental strategy could be achieved. Thus the SME sectors role was re-defined to include the following (Kayanula and Quartey, 2000) (i) Assisting the state in reducing its involvement in direct production (ii) Absorbing labour from the state sector, given the relatively labour intensive nature of small scale enterprises, and (iii) Developing indigenous entrepreneurial and manager ial skills needed for sustained industrialization.2.6.1 Government and Institutional Support to SMEsTo enable the sector perform its role effectively, the following technical, institutional and financial supports were put in place by government.(i) GovernmentGovernment, in an attempt to strengthen the response of the private sector to economic reforms undertook a number of measures in 1992. spectacular among them is the setting up of the Private Sector Advisory Group and the abolition of the Manufacturing Industries Act, 1971 (Act 356) that repealed a number of price control laws, and The Investment Code of 1985 (PNDC Law 116), which seeks to promote joint ventures between foreign and local investors. In addition to the above, a Legislative Instrument on Immigrant Quota, which grants automatic immigrant quota for investors, has been enacted. Besides, certain engineering science Transfer Regulations have been introduced. Government also provided equipment leasing, an alternative an d flexible source of long term financing of plant and equipment for enterprises that cannot ease up their own. A Mutual Credit Guarantee Scheme was also set up for entrepreneurs who have poor or no collateral and has limited access to bank credit.To complement these efforts, a Rural finance Project aimed at providing long-term credit to small-scale farmers and artisans was set up. In 1997, government proposed the establishment of an exportation Development and Investment Fund (EDIF), operational under the Exim Guarantee Company Scheme of the Bank of Ghana. This was in aid of industrial and export services within the first quarter of 1998. To further improve the industrial sector, according to the 1998 Budget Statement, specific attention was to be given to the following industries for support in accessing the EDIF for replenishment and retooling Textiles/Garments Wood and Wood Processing Food and Food Processing and Packaging. It was also highlighted that government would support industries with export potential to overcome any supply-based difficulty by accessing EDIF and rationalize the tariff regime in a bid to improve their export competitiveness.In addition, a special monitoring mechanism has been developed at the Ministry of Trade and Industries. In a bid to improve trade and investment, particularly in the industrial sector, trade and investment facilitating measures were put in place. Visas for all categories of investors and tourists were issued on arrival at the ports of entry while the usance Excise and Preventive Service at the ports were made proactive, operating 7-days a week. The government continued support programmes aimed at skills training, registration and placement of job seekers, training and re-training of redeployees. This resulted in a 5% rise in enrolment in the various training institutes such as The National Vocational and Training get (NVTI), Opportunity Industrialization Centres (OIC), etc. As at the end of 1997, 65,830 out o f 72,000 redeployees who were re-trained under master craftsmen have been provided with tools and have become self-employed.(ii) InstitutionsThe idea of SME promotion has been in existence since 1970 though very little was through with(p) at the time. Key institutions were set up to dish up SMEs and prominent among them was The Office of Business Promotion, now the present Ghana Enterprise Development Commission (GEDC). It aims at assisting Ghanaian businessmen to enter into fields where foreigners mainly operated but which became available to Ghanaians after(prenominal) the Alliance Compliance Order in 1970. GEDC also had packages for strengthening small-scale industry in general, both technically and financially. The Economic Recovery Programme instituted in 1983 has broadened the institutional support for SMEs. The National Board for Small Scale Industries (NBSSI) has been established within the then Ministry of Industry, Science and Technology now (Ministry of Science and Tec hnology) to address the needs of small businesses.The NBSSI established an Entrepreneurial Development Programme, intended to train and assist persons with entrepreneurial abilities into self-employment. In 1987, the industrial sector also witnessed the coming into operation of the Ghana Appropriate Technology Industrial Service (GRATIS). It was to supervise the operations of Intermediate Technology Transfer Units (ITTUs) in the country. GRATIS aims at upgrading small scale industrial concerns by transferring appropriate technology to small scale and informal industries at the grass root level. ITTUs in the regions are intended to develop the engineering abilities of small scale manufacturing and service industries engaged in vehicle repairs and other related trades. They are also to address the needs of non-engineering industries. So far, 6 ITTUs have been set up in Cape Coast, Ho, Kumasi, Sunyani, Tamale and Tema.(iii) Financial AssistanceAccess to credit has been one of the main bottlenecks to SME development. Most SMEs lack the necessary collateral to obtain bank loans. To address this issue, the fundamental Bank of Ghana has established a credit guarantee scheme to underwrite loans made by Commercial Banks to small-scale enterprises. Unfortunately, the scheme did not work out as expected. It was against this background that the Bank of Ghana obtained a US$ 28 million credit from the International Development Association (IDA) of the World Bank for the establishment of a Fund for Small and Medium Enterprises Development (FUSMED). Under the Programme of Action to excuse the Social Cost of Adjustment (PAMSCAD), a revolving fund of US$ 2 million was set forth to assist SMEs. This aspect is too scanty in the midst of the abundant information, especially with reference to Ghana.2.7 sexual practice and Small Business PerformanceUntil more recently gender differences in small business performance remained largely unaddressed by social scientists (Greene, Hart , Gatewood, Brush, & Carter, 2003). The majority of studies either disregarded gender as a variable of interest or excluded female subjects from their design (Du Rietz & Henrekson, 2000). However, it is generally accepted that male and female owner-managers act as differently and that these behavioral differences influence their performance (Brush, 1992), but these differences have been recognized but not in full explained (Brush & Hisrich 2000). A comparison of performance of male and female owner-managers in Java, Indonesia showed that female- have businesses tend to be less oriented towards growth compared to male-owned businesses (Singh, Reynolds, & Muhammad, 2001).Boden & Nucci (2000) investigated start-ups in the retail and service industries and found that the mean survival rate for male owned businesses was four to six percent higher than for female owned businesses. Loscocco, Robinson, Hall & Allen (1991) in their study of small businesses in the New England region of th e USA found that both sales volume and income levels were lower for female- than for male-owned businesses. In a longitudinal study of 298 small firms in the United Kingdom (UK), of which 67 were female owned, Johnson & Storey (1994) observed that whilst female owner-managers had more stable enterprises than their male counterparts, on average the sales turnover for female owners were lower than for male owners.Brush (1992) suggests that women perform less on quantitative financial measures such as jobs created, sales turnover and profitability because they pursue intrinsic goals such as independence, and the flexibility to combine family and work commitments rather than financial gain. In contrast to the above findings, Du Rietz and Henrekson (2000) reported that female-owned businesses were just as successful as their male counterparts when size and sector are controlled. In his study of small and medium firms in Australia, Watson (2002), after controlling for the effect of indust ry sector, age of the business, and the number of days of operation, also reported no significant differences in performance between the male- controlled and female-controlled firms.