Alvar Alto Design Theory Paimio Sanatorium

The figurehead of modernism and leader of bringing architecture back to the human scale that once was, Alvar Aalto is now an architectural inspiration to us all. Aalto did not use his architecture as a learning tool but more as a gesture toward the emotional and physical needs of man. His architecture was meant to enrich the lives of those it served. Aalto focused on context in site in relation to the human body. Forms, light and shadow were inspired by the Finnish forests Aalto grew up near.When he was a child he made drawings of the landscape that influenced his later built projects in their relationships to horizons and vertical connections, sections and ground plan. He brought us buildings that involved form, light, and color, along with many other attributes all over the world including the Viipuri Library, the Paimio Sanatorium, and even Mt. Angel Library here in Oregon. Functional Room Functional Design The rooms in the patients' wing are arranged on the north side of the corr idor.By siting the rooms on one side only, Aalto was able to bring natural light into the corridor and give the patients the feeling that they were in control of the space. Aalto studied the angle of the sunlight in conjunction with the heating system. Sun blinds were fixed outside the windows to cut down solar gain. The whole building was designed in every aspect to make the patients confinement tolerable and to assist in their healing. Their room's were designed with a horizontal person in mind.The source of heat comes down from the ceiling, one wall was lined in absorbent insulation to make acoustics more restful, and the window frames in the rooms were timber to reduce condensation and be warmer to touch. the washbasins were designed to run silently and had to be hygienic and easy to clean (unsuccessfully in practice). The pipe work was concealed in the walls, whereas prior to this pipes were usually surface-fixed. Aalto had his own ideas about the ceilings for example. The ceil ing of the room should be the colour of the sky,† The lighting came from a wall mounted uplighter out of the patients sight where it was diffused throughout the room. Since the ceiling was painted in darker tones, the ceiling area reflecting the light had to be painted a lighter one. The door handles were created with as much methodical attention to detail. They were designed so coat sleeves or pockets couldn't get caught and they had rounded edges in case patients should happen to knock into them. Rose cellar In the Sanatorium death was an everyday reality, so naturally there was a mortuary on the site.The Rose Cellar, as the mortyary was called, disappeared into the terrain and took its name from the roses covering the mound of earth in front of it; only the holes drilled into the wooden door in the form of a cross gave a clue as to the use of the building. The mortuary is a light, whitewashed concrete vault lit by a roof light. A black-painted wooden catafalque rests on the brick-red floor and the partition that divides the curved vault has an abstract painting by Aalto and the Turku artist Eino Kauria. Viper hall The nurses' home, known as the ‘hall of vipers', was designed and built in 1060-63.It is a two-storey, four-part building, with each part joined to the next by an drawn-in linking element. It departs from Aalto's 1930s buildings mainly in that, instead of a flat roof, it has a pitched roof and the detailing does not focus nearly as much on metal. The name is derived from the fact that the building wriggles gently across the terrain. Stairs Tuberculosis was treated with fresh air, so that sun beds suitable for external use were needed. They emerged as the result of some specialist design work, as did the ‘winter sleeping bags' made of sheepskin that were part of the sun beds.The whole interior of the building is pervaded by health giving light, most powerfully in the stair cases, where sun spills down huge areas of glazing. Where the effort of climbing was incorporated as part of the healing process. Tree section Aalto believed that â€Å"the health of every person depends to a great extent on his submission to the conditions of nature† This came from the fact that medicine was not advanced enough to heal alone, so healing came from being take out of the crowded, disease infested cities where the sun, space and breeze of the country would help heal.The flat finnish landscape made a stepped section unsuitable, the roof terrace is then used for treatment for summer and winter alike stretching the entire length of the patient ward, where the healthier patients could go and take in the spectacular views across the vast forest, each sun-deck beneath was cantilevered to take in the sunshine, like the branches of a tree. Organism for Healing The health of every person depends a great extent on his submission to the condition of nature.The outer buildings are module starting with the head physicians house the y grow and multiply like they are a dividing organism until you get to the patients ward and the rooms are almost exponential in comparison. The building is designed to be a organism for healing, each room is catered to the patient with the use of sun, greenery, and space it helps them in their healing process. Forest The Patients rooms looked out over an unhabited forest which is visually brought into the building as posts, vertical lines, windows and columns.The pine forest was a powerful source of healing and hope for the finish patients, it is also therapeutic to the community who's collective soul deeply embraces the protective wood's and tree's. It is hard to imagine the impact the sanatorium must have had on patients. The dedication to serving their needs manifested in every detail and the optimistic uplifteing quality of it's light filled spaces. Symmetry as parts (medical and proper man) vs. Asymmetry as a whole (natural and living) The plan of the building is laid out in d ifferent sections.Each section is symmetric or on a central axis. The building as a whole does not have a central axis but is asymmetrically in balance. Sort of like a human body that is being treated for a certain condition. The focus is put on parts of the physical body, but as a whole the body makes up a person or a human being. Technology is manmade – human creating a function from natural sources Aalto liked to use materials in their natural state in his buildings. He also liked to take advantage of how modern technology could assist the daily needs of the people in his buildings.In the Sanitarium, he created manmade elements made from elements close to their natural state as a gesture towards to needs of the patients, doctors, and nurses using the spaces. Plasticity and Fluidity (like natures organic forms) Throughout the Paimio Sanitarium, certain spaces have a plastic form that is almost like a landmark in that area of the building. These forms seem to mimic the organ ic forms that can be found in nature like the curve of the terrain on the hill, or the edge of the tree creating a fluid line that separates its branches from the sky.They are found in the central stair of the tower and the overhang above the entrance to the building. Facing the Sun During this time there were not any antibiotics or specific medicines for the treatment of tuberculosis. The best treatment for the condition was dry climate, greenery, fresh, clean air, and a lot of sun. With having a south facing slope it makes sense to position the patients' rooms and the roof terrace to face the sun. A Landscape representing time – modern, ancient, and current. This picture really represents a lot of different times in the culture of the area.The pastures and fields in the foreground represent the current lives of the citizens of Paimio – they are healthy, providing resources and going about their daily lives. In the middle ground there is the forest- it is natural grow th and holds a sort of history in the culture of the people. Then, rising above it all is the Sanitarium – a modern piece of architecture at the time that still stands as a landmark. Architecturally, it was a glimpse into what would be in the future and functionally it was a humble reminder of the hard times.Conclusion. The solution Aalto created for solving the needs of people to fit in with their comfortable natural state while gaining the positive effects of the industrialization at the time was to give people the creative freedom to make their spaces unique to themselves and their needs. He wanted people to remember their individualism. Finding the potential value in humans and emphasizing their common needs became Aalto's main purpose in architecture in his later years. This can be seen in his public buildings as well as in his churches and houses.Aalto believed that people should live a democratic and individualistic lifestyle. He called for the humanization of all thin gs including his architecture. It was important to address how humans move and travel through space and also how they inhabit it. The needs of the user were considered. In all of his projects, Aalto stressed meaning of the project to the client as well as to himself. He looked at the perspectives of the users and found ways to enhance those perspectives, for example the chairs in the Sanatorium were designed to make it easier for the patients to breathe.His architecture was meant to enrich the lives of those it served. In the Paimio Sanitarium in particular, Aalto's attention to psychological spaces enhancing the quality of life for the users, relation to the other buildings in the area, having a form that follows the function, and specific detail in the technical equipment made it all come together to create a well designed approach to the site and the people that dwell within it in a beautiful piece of modern architecture.

Poetry from other cultures Essay

Task: John Agard ‘in ‘Half Caste’ and Moniza Alvi in ‘Presents from my Aunts in Pakistan’ both deal with the issues of being born of mixed marriages. ‘Half Caste’ and ‘Half English’. Write about the different ways in which the past explore what this means to them. John Agard and Moniza Alvi have two different attitudes in there poetry about there mixed racial backgrounds. John Agard uses a very proud attitude as on the hand Moniza Alvi is very unsure about her personal identity. It is not just there attitude towards there mixed background but there style of there written poetry is also different. Through examining the text and reading the poem it is clear that they are two different people with very different approaches to life. There writing techniques are different as John Agard uses his own rules when he writes, as Moniza Alvi sticks to the correct English grammar and spelling. John Agard’s poem is very different to Moniza Alvi’s poem, they talk about the same issues concerning race, but they have do not have the same views on there own race. John Agard is very proud of his mixed racial origin, and in the poem says that it is not clever and makes a mockery of people who discriminate him, he is proud to be who he is. He uses a very powerful name for his poem ‘Half caste’ half caste is an offensive term, which John Agard uses a lot in his poem this makes it very powerful by using this word it suggests purity and inferior, Agard attacks this idea of beig ure blood . In ‘half caste’ John Agard also repeats the term â€Å"explain yuself† this repeat of this word is very effective and strengthens the argument. John Agard starts with a loud apologetic start, â€Å"Excuse me†. By this apologetic start it has strong meaning, he is saying what people expect of him because he is ‘half caste, people expect him to apologise for being who he is. He says also ‘standing on one leg I’m half caste’ which says that as he is of mixed origin he is not right; he is only half a real person, when that is not true. The strong start gets you into the swing of the poem and you know how strong it is going to be. Being racist towards him, for being ‘half caste’, stupid as if you look at every thing in the world, everything is nearly ‘half caste’, â€Å"yu mean Tchaikovsky sit down at dah piano an mix a black key wid a white is a half caste symphony† by using examples of famous people who are one of the best in the world but then because it is halfe caste it is not good and it is in inferior and should Tchaikovsky be seen as bad because he mixed a white key with a black key. It also uses the example â€Å"Yu mean when light an shadow mix in de sky is a half caste weather/ well in dat case England weather nearly always half caste†. These examples are trying to prove that if you are prejudice against John for being half caste it is stupid because nearly everything is ‘half caste’. It also shows how proud John Agard is of his mixed racial background and how he would stand up for his race. Throughout the poem â€Å"Explain yuself† is repeated this repetitiveness is very effective in getting the audience interested and it is also very original. The ending of the poem is a lot more serious it stops the humour to get the message across. It talks about ‘purity’ and how someone is only half a person because they are half caste, Agard attacks this idea of purity. John Agard use comic use of absurd analogies such as ‘half caste weather/half, ‘de other half of me story’. These Examples that he uses it is challenging for himself provocative responding to annoyance, he proves that he is as good or better then Tchaikovsky or Picasso. John Agard uses lower case letters to show common humanity, he also uses his own spelling and punctuation this show he is very proud of him self. John Agard is very proud of whom he is and makes a direct mockery of people who say that he is not ‘pure’ so he is not as good as other people. John Agard attacks there theory and he also ‘hits home’ an important message. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE John Agard: Half-Caste section.

LIEN A LAND INC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

LIEN A LAND INC - Essay Example tenure, he has done a remarkable job that has seen the company acquire a large client base and grow from a medium to a big company now, growing its asset base to eight times since its inception. Though Hoang joined this company with only a diploma in sales and marketing, he has afforded to study a higher diploma and a degree in this field. This has significantly improved his sales knowledge. However, for the last six months, Hoang does not seem to be enthusiastic about his duties and his performance is noted to be deteriorating. Hoang has of late been discovered to have a lot of complains about the nature of his work, an issue that seems to affect the other junior staff in the marketing department. Consequently, the department is noted to have declined in its performance, notably for the past six months, having little growth in customer base achieved during the period. His manager, Mr. Nguyen, is deeply concerned about Hoang performance. He has confronted him severally over this issue. After this confrontation by the manager, Mr. Nguyen, Hoang feels offended and threatens to quit his job. He goes on to write a letter of resignation, citing the manager’s confrontation, as well as lack of promotion as the reasons. The manager is in turn aggrieved by Huang’s claims because he had increased his salary to match that of the marketing manager. The manager decided to let Hoang quit his job, but on a second thought consider his important role in the organization. This conflict reaches a stalemate and calls for the indulgence of the company owners to resolve the dispute. In an attempt to know why this is happening, the management set to give Hoang an audience, so he can raise his grievances. When he presented his case, the management understood that Hoang was demotivated, since he expected the management to promote him to the rank of sales and marketing manager of the new branch they had established in a different city. Contrary to his expectation, the management had

Why kids should not be on the internet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Why kids should not be on the internet - Essay Example The success remains in how cleverly we utilize them for the wellbeing of the people. Internet is just like an ocean of knowledge for all the people. But the problem is that this ocean consists of good and evils. Only the matured persons will be able to select and segregate good things from internet whereas immature people always fell in to this ocean as victims of the bad things. â€Å"Internet can provide contents like sexual acts or conduct, lewd exhibitions of genitals, the seven "dirty" FCC words, revealing attire, the use or sale of weapons, game sites designed for teens or older, legal or illegal drugs, legal or illegal gambling, alcohol consumption, explicit violence against people or animals including hate crimes, tobacco use etc to the kids which are harmful in their development as a socially accepted personality and hence the internet usages should be restricted to them. This paper analyses the negative impacts of internet on kids. Internet consists of sex related contents which is harmful to the kids. One of the major reasons for juvenile offenses is the influence of internet upon children. Segregation of good and evils is difficult for kids because of the growth sex hormones at these ages. It is easy for the juveniles to watch movies filled with violence and sexual activities using internet websites like YouTube. Internet is used by kids playing video games and relaxing purposes. It is difficult for them to search for serious things at this age because of the peculiarity of their age. After a busy work outs in the classrooms most of the children uses internet for watching something interesting to them. â€Å"The Internet is an invaluable tool for adolescents who use it to look for answers to personal, sensitive, and embarrassing questions about their bodies, relationships, and health. A study of 778 teens aged 15-18 in the African nation of Ghana shows that two-thirds had gone online, mainly at cafes with I nternet access. All of

Medication Errors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Medication Errors - Essay Example Since in the healthcare setting, especially in the hospital in-patient environment, the nurse remains in contact with the patient for the better half of the time, the nurses are the executors of care, and they are the final common pathways of transmission of the care processes. As a result, any error made in any step of the care being undetected will appear as a deficit in standards of practice on the part of the nurses. It is not true that nurses do not make any errors, but despite being very careful, there are many other factors that may be found involved in such a medication error incident. Despite not being directly committed by the nurse if an adverse event from drug happens due to error, the nurse is often implicated in such a situation. Present scenario of healthcare demands that every professional should exercise their knowledge and expertise in every step of administered healthcare to prevent such errors. Unfortunately, the blame often falls on the nurse, but it is imperativ e to find out the preventative solutions to this problem rather than finding the scapegoat (Strand, J.N., Ferner, R. E., Anthony, C., Teichman, P., and Bates, D.W., 2001). The First Article: Published on June 15, 2006, in The Times and written by Lisa Greene, this article carried the headline, Nurse Error Spotlight Drug's Danger: A pregnant woman died of a magnesium sulfate overdose at South Florida Baptist, despite the drug's well-known hazards. The byline adds comments that an 18-year-old patient was given magnesium sulfate to slow down premature contractions of the uterus; although, the baby son survived, the lady expired, and the hospital issued a statement that error killed the woman. The drug magnesium sulfate is useful in certain situations despite it being a known hazard in the sense that it is reported to cause fatal clinical events. In this care, reportedly, the nurse made an error in calculating the dose. This is apparent from a quotation of a scientific journal article that reports incidences of 52 adverse overdose incidents that included 7 cases of persistent vegetative state or death. In case of this specific patient, the patient attende d the hospital with pre-term labor, and the nurse gave her magnesium sulfate which was administered in a larger-than necessary dose. The baby survived, but the mother expired out of respiratory failure despite attempts to revive. The hospital spokes person directly termed this situation as a single incidence of error by an expert professional, and it was accepted to be a calculation of the dose error by the nurses. Naturally, since the authority is concerned about a lawsuit, none other than this is available to analyze the information, but this overlooks another important aspect of the problem. It is well known that even the most experienced nurse may end up in a "single tragic mistake", but it is the responsibility of the hospital authority of health system to have a safety or governance system in place that would make multiple checks before the error happens, especially when the error may be fatal in nature. This throws spotlights to a system's deficiency in designing a process th at can identify a person's math error before even the error can reach the patient. This was a terrible and isolated incident, but this calls for well-lubricated and functional safety systems at all levels including prescription, pharmacy, and nursing. Computerized and automated systems even

Problems and issue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Problems and issue - Essay Example As will be noted in the following analysis, the choice of sovereignty as the premier definition and explicate her of what a state truly is will be predicated upon the understanding of the fact that without a degree and level of sovereignty, no control or direction could be provided to either the population, territory, or government within such a system. In such a way, by defining sovereignty as the primary and fundamental compound of statehood, it is the hope of this author that the reader will gain a further understanding of why challenges to sovereignty account for the lion’s share of all conflict that takes place between states within the current world. In such a way, it is necessary for the reader to understand that sovereignty is the most important metric and defining the way in which the territory of state is appreciated and understood. Within such an understanding, one can realize that without a sovereign level of governance, it would be impossible to definitively demarcate borders and regions of control; due to the fact that without any control whatsoever (sovereignty) such a territorial understanding and definition would be meaningless. Similarly, with regards to the population, a level of sovereignty is absolutely required due to the fact that without this, no definitive goals or programs can be affected (Lewis, 2010). Finally, the issue of sovereignty is perhaps most specific with regards to the government of the state. Without an overall level of sovereignty over the territory and people to which the state intends to govern, the entire idea, definition, an understanding of statehood evaporates. Although it should not be understood that sovereignty in and of itself is the only determinant to statehood, it must be realized and appreciated that this determinant impacts strongly and primarily upon all of the

Project Operations Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

Project Operations Management - Essay Example There are many definitions of the term operations management. According to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, operations management involves the aspect of design, product management, processing as well as management of the supply chain mechanism. The article on operations management also states that the term operations management encompasses a broad area that includes both strategic and tactical aspects of an organization. These include areas like layout, design, project management, sourcing, procurement etc as well as issues like quality control, monitoring and other aspects (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2011). ‘Operations management is defined as a complete management of the entire activities of an organization that includes planning, co-ordination, handling and utilisation of resources in a manner that generates considerable competitive advantage for the organization. It also includes managing the quality and monitoring of the day to day routine activities of all the departments of the organizations so as to ensure optimum and efficient utilisation and management of resources’. As stated in the previous section operations management is a very broad term and includes an array of activities and their management. Operations management also assumes significance considering the fact that organizational excellence is directly related to operational expertise of an organization. Organizations like Wal-Mart and Toyota have their core competence based on operational aspects like cross docking and Total Quality Management (Shah, 2009, p.115). This calls for large scale responsibilities and efficiency on the part of the operations manager whose roles and responsibilities are listed below: The foremost direct responsibility of the operations manager involves a deeper understanding and analysis of the strategic objectives of the organization. This involves setting up a clear vision with

Disaster Relief Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Disaster Relief Assessment - Essay Example Natural disasters include earthquakes, floods, volcanic activities, tornadoes, cyclones, typhoons and severe storms. There should be the proper planning of the goals and the communication facility must be improved greatly. Proper task forces should always be ready who can tackle the situation in their own innovative way. Steps should be taken so that there can be proper thought about the situation by which it will be much easier to represent things that can be done. Theoretical approach can help to take a bigger step when the problem arises. The insurance and healthcare services should be improved so that the emergency situations can be responded effectively (Eisenman et. al. 2007). Disaster relief assessment also includes the development in the telecommunication facilities. The officials should be trained virtually so that they can be able to do things in a proper way and will have the ability to face all types of disasters. Educational programs can be undertaken so that the people can be alert about the various types of diseases and then they can take some minimum steps when they face such situations (Forgette, et. al., 2009).

Week 7 Discussion Question 1 Effect of a Meger Assignment

Week 7 Discussion Question 1 Effect of a Meger - Assignment Example Progress Energy Company faced these challenges because it had failed for annual based revenue increase of 12% with North Carolinas Utilities Commission (Munson, 2011). Through the merger, shareholders will enjoy earnings accretion, based on adjusted diluted earnings per share. I believe the value will be realized on the stakeholders because of the growth of the corporation after the merger. Wald (2012) reveals that the new corporation has over seven million retail customers and owns about sixty seven gigawatts of generating capacity; this indicates a great growth in the corporation hence shareholders are going to benefit from the merged corporation due to increased profits than before merging. During merging, the less important company loses its identity and becomes part of the more important company, in terms of management the important company runs almost everything in the corporation (Duke Energy, 2012). In the merger between Duke Energy and Progress Energy, progress energy has been absorbed and become a subsidiary of duke energy. The headquarter of the corporation remains in Charlotte. The accounting approach used in the merger is aimed at upholding the corporations name; they retain the name of the corporation. By taking total control and absorbing the other company, the corporation is able to run well without opposition from the other company. Duke Energy. (2012). Mergers & Other Corporate Actions: Duke Energy/Progress Energy Merger Information. Retrieved 20 Nov. 2012 from http://www.duke-energy.com/investors/individual-investors/merger-spinoff-documents.asp. Wald, M. (2012). Duke and Progress Energy Become Largest U.S. Utility. The New York Times. Retrieved 21 Nov. 2012 from

Reward Managment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Reward Managment - Essay Example In case these requirements are satisfied, the company will be considered for tender negotiations that will be held after five years. The report considers the council expectations as the immediate business goals to be met and looks at means to drive the organization to achieve the goals. The company will need to re-look the processes and increase the focus on teamwork. The issues that are likely to hinder the ability of the company to gear up to these requirements lie in the tall hierarchical structure that operates at the plant and the remuneration structure both of which are unsuited to team effort. In addition, the workforce is associated with UNISON, a union with a large membership that has the capability to affect the ‘no service disruption’ expectation of the council in case of a conflict. The report further recommends ways to manage the changed method of working to reach the business goals. The report explores the various incentive schemes that may be considered an d chooses the appropriate options. It recommends a review of the existing pay structure and introduction of an incentive structure that recognizes team as well as individual output. Contents Executive summary 1 Introduction 3 Critical analysis and evaluation 5 Decision to rationalize operations 5 Remuneration structure 5 Organisation structure 5 Recommendations 6 Develop a reward strategy 6 Current pay structure 6 Incentives 7 Union and workforce perception management 8 Expected flashpoints with Unison 8 Bibliography 10 Introduction Refusenicks PLC is in the business of waste disposal and recycling that has a contract with Fellshore County Council. The Council has recently taken the decision to rationalize operations by shutting down 4 out of 6 waste disposal plants and selling the land for buildings and refurbishing two plants with sophisticated machinery. Refusenick must cater to the requirements of the council in order to be considered for tender negotiations to be held after 5 y ears. The requirements to be satisfied are: efficient disposal of waste appropriate management of environment and pollution no service disruption be a model employer These requirements lay the ground for arriving at business goals and consequently the design of business processes to reach them. The workforce that supports these requirements is headed by a Works Manager assisted by the Deputy Works Manager. They are in turn supported by two shift superintendents and deputy superintendents and 12 supervisors to oversee the work done by 75 operatives in a shift. The Works Manager also has a maintenance team that operates over the weekend. Waste processing was earlier conducted in 6 plants which is now curtailed to 2 with more automated processing. The earlier system operated on a 9-hour shift over a 5-day work week. The current system operates on three 8-hour shifts over a 5-day work week. The current financial remuneration components are: Base pay Unsocial hour allowance for the Works Manager and Deputy Works Manager Shift allowance from the level of Shift Superintendent and below Bonus is paid only at the level of the operative The salary ranges are below: Level Min Max Bonus Allowance Min Total p.a. Max Total p.a Works Manager 22512 24000 Â   1200 23712 25200 Deputy Works Manager 20295 21654 Â   1200 21495 22854 Shift Superintendent 17922 19656 Â   10% 19714.2 21621.6 Dy. Shift Superintendent 15675 17460 Â   10% 17242.5 19206 Supervisor 14363 15372 Â   10% 15799.3 16909.2 Operative 13550

Oedipus Trilogy Essay Example for Free

Oedipus Trilogy Essay It was Sophocles who wrote the Oedipus Trilogy. Although Oedipus Rex has always been a common oral story to the Greeks, Sophocles added different dimensions in his rendition of the tragic story of Oedipus. Antigone was the epilogue of the trilogy and the last part of the story but it was the first play to be produced. Oedipus the King was the beginning of the trilogy, where the fate of Oedipus was prophesied, and the rise and fall of Oedipus was chronicled. And Oedipus at Colonus is the middle of the trilogy where Oedipus dies and his sons murder each other thus continuing the eventuality of the prophecy. In Antigone, the final pieces of the tragedy unraveled, thus completing the prophecy of the oracle to Oedipus. In Antigone, the play focuses more on the battle between opposing primary views and concerns. Actually, it was more on opposing pride. Antigone was determined to give his brother an honorable burial despite the fact that the current king blatantly forbids it. She maintains that love is above law and hegemony. Creon, on the other hand, although Polynices is his nephew, forbids the burial on the grounds that it is the law to refuse honorable funerals to traitors. Although the central characters have opposing views, their attributes are very much similar to each other. Both are blinded by their own pride in their decisions. Antigone, when confronted by Creon, refuses to back down despite the fact that Creon threatened her that her sister will be penalized together with her. Antigone, sees her action as a form of â€Å"martydom†. In a way she sees glory in what she had done by â€Å"sacrificing† herself for the sake of his brother, which somewhat preposterous because of the fact that his brother is already dead. Creon, likewise, refuses to change his decision despite his son’s threat of suicide if he condemns Antigone. Although he perceives that his son’s words were not empty threats, he still refused to change his decision. This is because he distinguishes his action as strength of leadership. He mistakes pride for decisive command. Antigone represents moral ascendancy over political law. Creon, on the other hand, symbolizes the primacy of the rule of law above all else. The play attempts to stir the audience to struggle on which side should prevail. Athens, during the time of Sophocles was in its golden age. Democracy has been the highest point of the era. However, there are certain rules of law that exist to govern the democratic state. The play seeks to arouse questions from among the audience. Whether certain personal morals and filial duty should take over the rule of law when the situation calls for it. Or whether the rule of law should always prevail to maintain order in the society. However, Sophocles drives home the point that there are no extreme grounds. Moral ascendancy and the rule of law are invariably intertwined and should be taken into consideration in making a decision. In the play it was the comical messenger that best manifested the careful weighing of consequences of his actions when he pondered to and fro on what to tell Creon. It was him that provided a middle ground. His action was the very reflection of the thoughts of the audience. Towards the end of the play, both Creon and Antigone became so blind of their pride in their decision that they were no longer fighting for what they believe is right. Antigone sees her suicide as a form of sacrilegious immolation as if she was giving herself up for the good of her brother. Likewise, Creon perceives his decision to condemn Antigone as strength of leadership. He thinks that if he pardons Antigone, then he had let Antigone â€Å"win†, that Antigone will emerge to be â€Å"the man† in the battle. Creon’s and Antigone’s greatest folly is their tendency to oversimplify the situation. Antigone reduced the circumstance to moral ascendancy and Creon to the rule of law. Their pride made them blind that their decision will lead to conflict and deliberation. Like all characters of the play, Oedipus’ tragic flaw is his pride. In Oedipus the King, the rise and fall of Oedipus was accounted to his pride. His killing of his father was brought about by his pride, his desire to seek the truth of his identity was driven by pride, his edict of severe punishment to the murderer of Laius was brought about by pride and even is in his lowest moment when he eventually discovered the truth he still clung to the last pieces of his trappings as king. However, there is a great difference in Oedipus’ pride and that of Creon’s and Antigone’s. Antigone claims that it was for her love of her brother that she disobeyed Creon but in reality she puts herself in a pedestal with greater morals than Creon could understand. She masked her pride with proclamations of sacrifice and martyrdom for filial love. Creon, on the other hand, asserts that his actions are but mere implementation of law. However, in truth, Creon revels at the power that he holds upon the kingdom. This is evident even in the play Oedipus the King when Creon demonstrated his newfound power by curtly cutting off Oedipus while he was still mourning his fate. Oedipus pride, however, was disguised as his earnestness. This was exposed when he declared that he would seek all means to end the plague in his nation. He was so earnest in his demonstrations to the people of his intentions to save his kingdom that he himself cemented his doom. Furthermore, in seeking the murderer of Laius, in his earnestness to punish the criminal, he unknowingly condemned himself. More over, when the truth of his identity was slowly untangling, he was so earnest in wanting to discover the whole truth that he made a way for his ruination. In truth, Oedipus was earnest because he wanted to set himself apart from the rest. He wanted to be a great leader in his nation. His exaggerated demonstrations of his intentions to save his nation were masked pride. He clearly wanted to be the â€Å"savior† of his kingdom. He celebrates at the power that he holds upon the people. This is obvious that he dares insult the oracle when he came to his presence. Moreover, being royals, Jocasta and Oedipus had the tendency to invalidate the fate the gods have in store for them. They have countless times declared that the oracle is false. This is clearly a sign of their pride that they could not fathom that there are any other being that is above them. At the end of the play, Oedipus took responsibility of his actions. But even in his broken state he was still proud. It was him who commanded Creon to bury Jocasta as he sees fit and to banish him from his nation. Although he no longer has any real power, he still managed to hold on to his last bits of power as a former king. Oedipus the King ended with Oedipus as a broken man banished from his kingdom and disgraced from the society. In Oedipus at Colonus, we find just that, a broken man. However, his brokenness should not be interpreted as newfound humility. Contrariwise, his decent into brokenness left him embittered. In the play, he again questions his fate. He even questions his sons’ decision in remaining adamant in his exile. The initial scene of the play rightly sets the tone for the story. Antigone was describing their trespass on holy ground that must be corrected with prayers and libation. It is ironing that Oedipus and Antigone, with full knowledge of the wrongness of their action still proceed to commit the deed then proceed to rectify the iniquitous. This is the theme all throughout the play, the characters all seemingly commit an action that they are fully aware that is not correct but still proceed to do so nonetheless. Again all of which is because of pride. When Creon abducts Oedipus’ daughters, Theseus proceeds to rescue them. He pretends that he did so because of honor and duty. However, in reality, Theseus’ primary objective is to save his own kingdom. In this play, most of the characters have hidden agenda. In the first two plays that Sophocles wrote, the characters were forthright with their motives. Antigone and Creon were so brash and obvious in their thoughts and beliefs in Antigone. In Oedipus the King, Oedipus lack of blunt motives led to his destruction. But in the third installment, the characters were more masked in their intentions. Even Oedipus, when he refused to go back to his city, he maintained that it was on the basis of his newfound holiness but in truth it was his pride that kept him from coming back. Why would come back to a city that shunned him? Or to the people that eschewed themselves from him? Moreover, in a confrontation with Polynices, he begins to questions his sons actions on why they were apathetic of his exile. He failed to realize that it was him who commanded Creon to exile him in the first place. Just as he was physically blind, he was also blind from the truth. Even in his deprivation he still was not able to fully see the extent of his mistakes and his pride. In the end, Oedipus’ death was inconsequential. For a character such as him, it is but ironic that his death was portrayed as merely peripheral with only Theseus as witness. Even the lamentations of Ismene and Antigone were not impassionate enough. Sophocles merely pointed out that no matter how great Oedipus was in his former glory, like everyone else, his end is just merely death – a fate that no great man can escape from.

Marketing objectives and strategies for Special Shoes

Marketing objectives and strategies for Special Shoes EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Special Shoes is one of the most successful shoe shops in the country. Although it is quite popular, Special Shoes need an online based shopping site or a website to further enhance their position as one of the top shoe shops in the country. Currently, customers must travel to the actual shop to purchase their shoes. With the creation of the website, customer can easily browse through the selection of available shoes and products provided by the Special Shoes Company and even receive services and promotion in their member areas. As some people might not like an online store where shoes cannot be tried out before purchasing/ordering, Special Shoes will provide chiropody advice services to the customer to further enhance the customer satisfaction on the product and guide the customer to good foot health. To make both existing and potential customer aware of the new e-commerce site and in effort to encourage them to visit the website, comparative advertising will be used. With comparative advertising, it will be designed to highlight the advantages of the goods or services offered by Special Shoes Company compared to those of other shoe shops available in the country. For a successful comparative advertisement, the comparison between the goods or services must be shown by the objective and the message of the advertisement by describing their main characteristics. Marketing Strategy Part of Special Shoes marketing strategy will base solely on its products and services provided. Special Shoes will also use advertisement that will receive abundant attention by the existing and potential customer. The strategy of the marketing campaign is to increase the target customer awareness of Special Shoes. Mission Special Shoes mission is to provide a wide selection of shoes and outstanding customer service. It will exist to attract and maintain customers. Their services will exceed the expectation of the customers. Marketing Objectives The marketing objective of the new e-commerce site of Special Shoes is to build an effective pull campaign, bringing in new customer and keeping the loyalty of existing customers. Marketing Activities: Positioning Special Shoes will position itself as the premier outlet for online shoe shopping, providing the customer with the largest selection, rivaling some of the other shoe shops in the country. Special Shoes will leverage their competitive edge to achieve this desired positioning. To achieve a competitive edge, Special Shoes will provide as much selection of shoes as possible. Membership Membership can be introduced either to new or existing customer through online or offline means. With the registration of customers as members, they are entitled to special discount rates and privileges provided by the Special Shoes. The first 100 customers to register will get a one year membership for free with 12 monthly issues of Special Shoes magazine. Promotions and Discounts. Promotions and discounts of the products and services of the Special shoes can be made known to the customer through online or offline means. Through online means, customers can either be sent an email or text message to inform them of the ongoing promotion and discounts. Through offline means, advertisement can be used to attract new and existing customers. Media Advertisements To further attract new customers and to inform the existing customer of the new website, advertisements can be used to achieve this aim. Examples of media advertisements that can be used are television, radio and newspaper. Chiropody advice Special Shoes will also be able to provide chiropody advice services to the customer as Special Shoes recognize that their competitors did not offer this services. Addressing Existing Customer and New Customer Existing Customers To address the existing customer of the new Special Shoes website, encouragement and recommendation of online registration to the website can be made to get the transition of the existing customer from offline to online. New Customers Through advertisements, new customers can be made, therefore information of the website must be made clear and concise so that future customers can be attracted to become a member to the Special Shoes. Offline Marketing Requirements Offline marketing is also crucial in promoting the Special Shoes shop where examples of offline marketing techniques that can be use are outdoor signage such as billboards, press releases and including the website address on business cards or other printed marketable material. Target Market Special Shoes is targeting the population segments within a broad category of age, gender and needs. Since most of the customer will purchase shoes for the workplace as well as for leisure time. Special Shoes have targeted this broad selection of customer as they have the need for many different pairs of shoes for all of their different activities and needs. Strategies Special Shoes marketing strategy will seek to create customer awareness regarding the products that they offer, develop the customer base, and work toward building customer loyalty and referrals. The messages that Special Shoe will seek to communicate are that the offer the largest selection of shoes and provide chiropody advice services online. People no longer need to go to the actual shop to find what shoes are available. A method of communication is by advertisement in the local media which will be placed in newspapers, radio and televisions. Another method of communication will be through online advertisement such as emails, a system of communicating electronically where this will eliminate unneeded spending on postal fees to inform the customers of new products and services provided by Special Shoes. Another means of communication that can be used is the RSS feeds. What is the method to track visitors going to the website? Tracking visitors visiting the Special Shoes website may be beneficial where the data from the feedbacks of visitors can be extremely helpful in tweaking and fine-tuning your site. The more data that can be collected from the visitors, the more productive and effective the campaigns, contents, and services can be produced. There are many tools and application that is provided in the internet in order to track website visitors. Some examples of these tools are free website tracking software, analytic software and services that track and analyze data. In creating websites free website tracking software are available on the internet. In relation to this, website designer would probably have access to cpanel. Cpanel is an open-source GUI interface that administers to the websites and blogs. Cpanel also have the ability to view current and historical statistics regarding the domain. Most cpanel interface includes these two programs such as Webalizer and AwStats (Advanced Web Statistics). Webalizer is a tool that keeps track of specific types of data and shows it graphically on the web. Webalizer collects data such as the URL (shows the URL that was requested by the users browser), Hit (every single HTTP request that your visitors browser submits is counted as a hit), Visitor (each specific IP address or HTTP cookie), Visit (Each time a visitor accesses the website) and the User Agent (the web browser used by the visitor to access the website e.g. Firefox etc). 1172 words

Do We See With Our Eyes or Brain?

Do We See With Our Eyes or Brain? Perceiving our world may seem simple and may be taken for granted. Yet, the occipital lobes form the largest part of the cortex and are dedicated to visual perception. As light enters the pupils and hits the retina, a two dimensional image is created and sent to the occipital lobes through geniculate and striate pathways. The occipital lobes process the visual information, deciphering and generating an image which we understand. Thus it is argued that we see with our brain, not with our eyes. This essay will illustrate supporting evidence for this statement found in research of visual illusions. For instance, we will discuss the Ebbinghause illusion as well as Milner and Goodales (1995) vision for action and vision for perception model. Additionally, the Mà ¼ller-Lyer illusion as explained by Gregory (1996) will be discussed as well as the checker shadow illusion (Adelson, 1993). The Ebbinghaus illusion, is a well-known cognitive illusion whereby two circles are central to smaller or larger circles respectively. These smaller circles surround the central circle. While both central circles are the same diameter, the surrounding circles provide a context which confused our perception of the size of these central circles. Thus, we perceive the central circles to be different in size (Giusberti, Cornoldi, De Beni, Massironi 1998). Milner and Goodale (1995) suggested the existence of two different visual systems in the brain which fulfil different functions. One system is for vision for action and guides motor actions through the dorsal pathway. This system is active when grasping for items. The second system is vision for perception through the ventral pathway, and controls perception and object recognition (Goodale Milner, 1992). Supporting the notion of two visual systems, studies (Aglioti, DeSouza, Goodale, 1995; Vishton, 2004) have shown that participants asked to grasp the central circles in the an Ebbinghaus illusion fashioned from physical disc objects, the scale of their grip aperture was not affected by the illusion and the effect of illusion on their misjudgement of size decreased. However, this theory has been challenged (Franz, Fahle, Bulthoff, Gegenfurtner, 2001; Smeets Brenner, 2006) by contradictory findings reporting no dissociation between action and perception, and which have found grasping to be insensitive to the illusion. Rose Bressan (2002) state that no single hypothesis has yet sufficiently explain the mechanism behind the Ebbinghaus illusion. The Mà ¼ller-Lyer illusion contains two lines of equal length which appear to be unequal when an inward and outward directed angle is placed at the ends. The line with inward pointing angle appears to be longer whereas the line with outward pointing angle appears to be shorter. Gregory (1966) suggests that although what we see is a two dimensional parallel line, our brain uses its knowledge of the third dimension to erroneously add information to the stimuli resulting in our interpretation that one line is longer than the other. Size constancy is explained as the brains ability to estimate size (Weidner, Boers, Mathiak, Dammers, Fink, 2010). The visual system is able to acquire a stable perceived size, despite the fact the image reflected on the retina changes (Sperandio, Chen, Goodale, 2014). We therefore perceive an image created by our brain by a combination of the retinal image size and distance information. The checker shadow illusion (Adelson,1993) relates to our perception of colour and brightness. Visual information processed by our occipital lobes is continually adjusted and colours perceived are due to the interpretation of our surroundings. The illusion is created from a chessboard with varying dark and light squares. In the right top corner is a cylinder which reflects its shadow on the board. Two squares are marked with â€Å"A† and â€Å"B† on the chessboard. Square â€Å"A† is a dark square outside of the cylinder’s shadow. Square â€Å"B† is a light square under the shadow of the cylinder. Square â€Å"A† is perceived as darker than â€Å"B†. However, they are exactly the same colour. Adelson (1993) provides two levels of explanation for this illusion. As per the visual system explanation, cues are used to identify the changes in brightness due to shadows. One of these cues are the local contrasts, the squares on the chessboard are darker and lighter. The light coloured square â€Å"B† is surrounded by dark squares and it appears to be lighter compared to its surroundings, although it is darker due to the shadow. The second cue is variation due to the shadow which has soft edges. The visual system tends to ignore the slight brightness changes, also the object casting the shadow is visible. Hence, the colour variation of the squares with sharp edges is interpreted by our occipital lobes as changes in surface colour. A more general explanation provided by Adelson (1993) suggests it is important to break down the larger image into smaller meaningful components to see the essence of the objects. The phenomena of visual illusions provide a good examples of the limitation of visual perception. Moreover, it indicates that the brain adds information such as depth cues to the raw visual input from our eyes to make sense of the 2 dimensional retinal images. For instance, as with the Ebbinghaus illusion, the human brain combines context information naturally. The neighbouring smaller and larger circles impact on our judgement of size resulting in the central circles to appear different in size when this is not the case. Goodale and Milner (1994) hypothesized the Ebbinghaus illusion to result from double dissociation between grasping and shape perception. Furthermore, the Mà ¼ller-Lyer illusion (Gregory, 1968) suggests the brain adds knowledge of third dimension cues to 2 dimensional retinal images. The explanation based on size constancy refers to the brain reinterpreting the scene based on the assumption that inward angles appears to be closer and hence the line appears to be sho rter. Adelsons (1993) checker shadow illusion provides multiple explanations. As per the visual system theory, cues of brightness from the chessboard and shadow, sharp and soft edges of contrast lead to a perceived change in surface colour. While we see with our eyes in the sense that information enters the visual system via this aperture, it is our brain’s occipital lobes which process this information. The examples provided from visual illusions provide supporting evidence of this process. References Adelson, E. H. (1993) Perceptual organization and the judgement of brightness. Science, 262(5142), 2042-2045. Aglioti, S., DeSouza, J. F., Goodale, M.A. (1995). Size-contrast illusions deceive the eye but not the hand. Current Biology, 5, 679–685. Franz, V. H., Fahle, M., Bulthoff, H. H., Gegenfurtner, K. R. (2001). Effects of visual illusions on grasping. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 27, 1124-1144. Giusberti, F., Cornoldi, C., De Beni, R., Massironi, M. (1998). Perceptual Illusions in Imagery, European Psychologist, 3(4), 281-288. Goodale, M. A., Milner, A. D. (1992). Separate visual pathways for perception and action. Trends in Neurosciences, 15, 20–25. Gregory, R. L. (1966). Eye and Brain, The psychology of seeing. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson . Haart, O., Grace, E., Carey, D. P., Milne, A. B. (1999). More thoughts on perceiving and grasping the Mà ¼ller–Lyer illusion. Neuropsychologia, 37(13), 1437-1444. Milner, A. D., Goodale, M. A. (1995). The visual brain in action. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. Rose, D., Bressan, P. (2002). Going round in circles: shape effects in the Ebbinghouse Illusion, Spatial Vision,15(2), 191–203. Smeets, J. B., Brenner, E. (2006). 10 years of illusions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 32, 1501–1504. Sperandio, I., Chen, J., Goodale, M. (2014). Electrophysiological correlates of size constancy. Journal of Vision, 14(10), 146-146. Vishton, P. M. (2004). Human vision focuses on information relevant to a task, to the detriment of information that is not relevant. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 27(1), 53-54. Weidner, R., Boers, F., Mathiak, K., Dammers, J. Fink, G. R. (2010). The temporal dynamics of the Mà ¼ller-Lyer illusion. Cerebral Cortex, 20(7), 1586-1595. The effect of recall latency on primacy and recency effect in a word recall test. SID1250948, STU1250948 Anglia Ruskin University Word count for report 2: Abstract This present study investigates the recency effect in the presence of distracter task which stands in line with the Atkinson and Shiffrin multi store memory model. The serial position effect was observed where 132 randomly selected people were asked to recall simple words in a series of six rounds which included three distracting tasks. A recency effect was observed in the presence of a distracter task. As with previous studies of recency effect was observed contradicting the predictions of the multi store model. The result of the report is in contrast with the findings of Bjork and Whitten (1970), as they revealed that the interpolated basic mathematics task which creates delay, still resulted in striking recency effect. Introduction In free word recall test, the serial position effect produced provides support for the multi store model of memory as it was previously investigated (Deese Kauffman, 1957, Glanzer Kunitz 1966). Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) explain the U-shape of the serial position as the primacy effect is due to the first words being transferred to the long-term memory and the recency effect emerges from the short-term memory. Higher recall initially occurs due to participants rehearsing of the words at the beginning of the list, allowing encoding these words into long term memory. The decline of the U shape occurs due to insufficient rehearsal time while exceeding the capacity of short term memory which is 7 -+2 as per Miller’s (1976) findings. However when testing the primacy and recency effects with delayed recall, Whitten and Bjork (1974) found a striking effect of recency during the distraction condition of a free word recall test, thus contradicting the predictions of the multi store model Atkinson and Shiffrin (1960) and suggestions of Rundus (1971). The present aims to assess the prediction of the Atkinson Shiffrin multi store model in relation to recency effect in the presence of distracting task prior to word recall. Based on the multi store model it is hypothesized that there will be higher percentage of word recall earlier in the list for immediate recall condition thus demonstrating a primacy effect. Furthermore it is predicted that there will be a lower percentage of word recalled after distraction task demonstrating a lack of recency effect. Methods Design A repeated measures experiment was performed using a free word recall test. Recall latency was our 2 level independent variable (immediate recall, and delayed recall at 30 seconds). Percentage of word recalled was our dependent variable. Procedure Participants completed the free word recall test, consisting of 6 lists. Each list contained 12 emotionally neutral words. Words were displayed for 2 seconds with 3 seconds interval. Upon display completion, participants were instructed to recall and write down as many words as possible. Every second list contained a distracter task where participants were asked to perform 10 simple arithmetic exercises lasting a total of 30 seconds. Participants could proceed with the next word list once they could not recall any more words. Participants Two hundred and sixty-four students from Anglia Ruskin University were randomly contacted via Students Records. Every second person was recruited into the experimental sample providing a total of 132 participants (30 males) aged 18 to 44 years old (M= 19.87). Participant received course credits for taking part in the experiment. All participants were given written consent and the experiment was approved by the ethics committee of the university. Materials The experiment was performed in an Information Technology classroom providing participants with desktop computers to display word lists. The 6 emotionally neutral word lists each consisted of 12 one to two syllable words. The arithmetic exercises provided as a delay task consisted of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division with numbers below 100. Participants were supplied with a pen and answering sheet. Results The primacy effect was more prevalent for both immediate word recall (M=55.49, SD=33.36) and delayed recall (M=42.92, SD=33.36) than the recency effect for immediate recall (M=48.85, SD=31.37) and delayed recall (M=35.51, SD=31.37). Testing hypothesis 1, a repeated measures t-test was performed comparing primacy (M= 49.20, SD= 24.10) and recency (M= 42.18, SD= 21.81) effect regardless of recall latency. A significant difference was observed demonstrating a larger effect of primacy on percentage of words recalls, t(263)= 4.37, p There was a significant difference in the scores for primacy effect immediate and primacy effect delayed conditions (t(132)=3.45, p A significant difference was also found in recency effect between scores for immediate and delayed conditions (t(132)=3.95, p Discussion A higher percentage of words were recalled at start than at the end of the word list providing support for our first hypothesis that a primacy effect would be more prevalent than a recency effect. Our second hypothesis was also supported as the percentage of word recall at the start and end of the word lists were both reduced by the distractor task lowering the effect of both primacy and recency. Our findings stand in line with Bjork and Whitten (1974). Differences between Bjork Whitten study for instance, our study employed 132 participants compared to their 20, reflecting the higher statistic power of our analyses. Furthermore, Bjork and Whittens distractor task lasted for 12 second compared to our 30 seconds. As such our distractor task would exceed the time of the short term memory (Miller, 1954) while Bjork Whitten’s distractor would not allowing for a greater effect of recency. Our experiment provided additional support (Rundus, 1971) for Atkinson Schiffrin’s m ulti store model. Our results reflect theoretical predictions based in the model regarding primacy effect as words are transferred to long term memory via rehearsal. Moreover, while a recency effect can be observed this is greatly reduced by a distractor task which fully occupies the capacity of the short term memory hindering recall. We suggest that further experiments be conducted exploring the effect of varying types of distractor task on short term memory. This is suggested due to assertions of the Baddley and Hitch working memory model whereby short term memory processes are split under phonological and visuo-spatial ones. References Atkinson, R. C., Shiffrin, R. M., (1968). Human memory: a proposed system and its control processes. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Bjork, R. A., Whitten, W. B. (1974). Recency-Sensitive Retrieval Process in Long-term Free Recall. Cognitive Psychology, 6, 173-189. Deese, J., Kaufman, R. A. (1954). Serial Position effects on recall of unorganized and sequentially organized verbal material. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 54, 180-187. Glenberg, A. M., Bradley, M. M., Kraus, T. A., Renzaglia, G. J., Shiffrin, R. M. (1983). Studies of the long-term recency effect: Support for a contextually guided retrieval hypothesis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 9(2), 231-255. Glanzer, M., Cunitz, A. R. (1966). Two Storage Mechanisms in Free Recall, Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behaviour, 5, 351-360. Kurbat, M. A., Shevell, S. K., Rips, L. J. (1998). A years memories: the calendar effect in autobiographical recall. Memory cognition, 26(3), 532-552. Miller, G. (1956). The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information. The Psychological Review, 63(2), 81–97. Rundus, D., (1971). Analysis of rehearsal processes in free recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology 89 (1), 63–77. from results: Two further repeated measures t-tests were conducted comparing the effect of primacy and recency in immediate recall and delayed recall. from intro: Rundus (1971) also found evidence which supports that when words which are presented first are rehearsed more often, allowing them to move to long term memory. Rundus suggests if the recall is delayed by a distracting activity which lasts longer than the capacity of the short-term memory, the recency effect is cancelled.

LOVE BUG Essay -- essays research papers

The â€Å"Love Bug† Virus   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The virus dubbed the â€Å"love bug† started to rapidly spread throughout the world on May 4, 2000. According to David Ruppe (May 5,2000) in an article on the ABCNEWS.com website, The virus came in the form of â€Å"ILOVEYOU† in the subject line, which seemed harmless and greets people in a friendly way. They have no idea that they are in for a big surprise as they opened their email. The message inside reads: â€Å"kindly check the attached LOVELETTER coming from me† (Ruppe, May 5,2000). A 22-year-old college dropout was arrested in the Philippines as the author of this virus (anonymous, August 21,2000).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When the attachment contained in the email was opened, the virus rapidly proliferated by automatically sending copies to everyone listed in the user’s email address book. Experts have concluded that this was the cause of the rapid slow down of servers around the world. Some of the servers have been so severely overloaded that they have shut down. This in turn has been preventing other email from being se3nt (anonymous September 5, 2000). As Hillebrand reports, â€Å"The Head of corp0orate communications at the computer Security Company Sophos Anit- Virus, Graham Cluely says that companies have been bombarded by this virus and have begun to switch off email systems†. Cluely also concluded that one of the reasons that the virus is so popular because it makes a tug on your emotions, love can get you into trouble (Hillebrand May 15,2000).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In this certain case there are several categories of Cybercrime that this type of crime represents. As written by Casey, the first one being that the computer was a target. This virus was supposed to gather information once it was opened and send back information to its owner. This included searching for login names and passwords. This would enable the owner to use any of the victim’s Internet accounts to surf the net for free. (Ruppe May5, 2000). The second cybercrime category is the computer as the instrumentality of the crime. Since the computer was the main focus of the crime and was used to implement it. The third and final cybercrime category is that the crime is associated with the prevalence of computers. This one is because it allowed the theft of the components of the login names as well as the passwords. This could be cl... ...o the fact that the professor was not afraid to come forward and say â€Å"hey I might know this guy†. I did not like however the fact that the Philippine government had not law governing this type of crime. These crimes affect everyone in the world not just down the street or another state. However since this has come to light the E-Commerce Act has passed into law in the Philippines and carries a fine of at least $2,300 plus three jail sentences. The credit card legislation has much lesser penalties. This Act however is not retroactive (Hillebrand May 15, 2000). Cited Page Casey, Eoghan. (2001) Pg. 17. Digital Evidence and Computer Crime, Forensic Science computers and the Internet. London, Academic Press Casey, Eoghan. (2001) pg.167. Digital Evidence and Computer Crime, Forensic Science computers and the Internet. London, Academic Press Charges Dismissed Philippines Drop Charges In â€Å" Love Bug† Virus Case. (August 21, 2000). Associated Press, ABCNEWS.com Hillebrand, Mary. (May 15,2000) Nations Gather To Target Cybercrime. E-Commerce Times. Revisiting the Case (Sept 5, 2000) Associated Press, ABCNEWS.com Ruppe, David. (May 5, 2000) â€Å"Love Bug† Travels Around the Globe. ABCNEWS.com

death penalty :: essays research papers

Almost 18 years ago an innocent wife and mother to two, named Sarah Bryne, received a call by her husband’s old college roommate. He explained to her that he and his wife were staying at a secluded motel near her work and were only staying for the weekend. She left work early to go and meet him and his wife. When she arrived he was alone. Once she was inside and the door closed he raped her. After raping her he stuffed her inside a small trunk, put the trunk in the back seat of his car and drove away. She made a help me sign in red lipstick and slid it through the trunk. Many motorists saw this plea and called the police. But before they could catch up he stopped on a secluded farm road, ripped her out of the trunk, strangled her with a necktie, broke her neck, and then finally finished the torture by stabbing her 14 times. He then put her mangled body back in the trunk and drove home to his wife and kids (1). There is only one offence in the state of Washington that you can receive the death penalty for and that is aggravated murder in the first degree. To receive this punishment one must plan out his act and in committing the crime commit an aggravating circumstance (3). Stabbing + raping + breaking a neck + strangulation all add up to an aggravated circumstance. It’s for people like this that we have instituted the death penalty. The death penalty is a just punishment, but like any system it does have some flaws. Although the death penalty does not work too well as a general deterrent it does work as a specific deterrent. Specific deterrent means that the penalty is keeping the offender from re-offending (2). Studies show that those who commit murder, if given the chance, re-offend. But some may wonder, isn’t life in prison keeping them from committing the crime again? The Criminal Justice Legal Foundation states that â€Å"the leading cause of death among prison inmates is murder by other inmates. A murderer serving a life sentence has no reason at all to refrain from killing other inmates or guards, or from hiring other criminals outside of prison to kill those who helped convict them.† But on the other hand the death penalty offers the opposite effect when it comes to general deterrence.

John Steinbecks East of Eden - Caleb Trask and the Message of Persever

Caleb Trask and the Message of Perseverance in East of Eden      Ã‚   Caleb Trask was a man with many faults and shortcomings. Yet, Caleb was also a man who had a deep longing to be perfect and pleasing to his family, a man who craved his father's attention, and a man with a better heart than any other character in the book. In his novel, East of Eden, John Steinbeck uses the character of Caleb Trask to convey the important message of hope and perseverance.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When I first read East of Eden, nothing about Cal Trask's personality or his mannerisms made him likable. He was introverted, cold, and hard.   I could not help but sense the story of Cain and Able being played out in a modern day version between him and his twin brother.   Although Cal and his brother Aron were twins, distinct differences existed between the two boys.   Aron was a natural spot of sunshine, illuminating his surroundings wherever he went.   He was a curly topped child who was adamantly attached to his rabbits.   Cal was the opposite of his brother, quiet and serious; he was looking forward to farming a small patch of land that his father was going to give him.   Yet there existed an even greater difference between Cal and his angelic brother.   Cal had a foreboding sense of anger and evil about him that was completely foreign to Aron.   Cal takes pleasure in making his brother cry, and in causing a little girl to urinate in her pants b y frightening her so.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It becomes apparent, though, that Cal struggles with his darkness and wishes passionately to be rid of his meanness.   He doesn't like the way he is, but at the same time he can't change himself, either. From my first introduction of the two brothers, I was taken with Cal.   He wa... ... 1989. JOHN STEINBECK(1902-1968).   San Jose State University.   17 Jan. 2001.   . Levant, Howard.   The Novels of John Steinbeck: a Critical Study.   Columbia: U of Missouri Press, 1974. Murray, Robert Davis, ed.   Steinbeck.   Englewood: Prentice-Hall, 1972. National Steinbeck Center.   Salinas, CA.   17 Jan. 2001.   . Steinbeck Country.   San Jose State University.   17 Jan. 2001.   . Trosow, Esther. John Steinbeck's Pacific Grove.   17 Jan. 2001.   . Trosow, Esther.   John Steinbeck's Biography.   17 Jan. 2001.  Ã‚  Ã‚   . Valjean, Nelson.   John Steinbeck: The Errant Knight.   San Francisco:   Chronicle Books, 1975.

Challenges Doing Business in India Essay

Trade barriers are created to encourage domestic players by making it more difficult for foreign firms to compete. Traditionally, India has had several types of trade hurdles for foreign exporters, such as, Import Quotas, Subsidies, Trade Samples and Tariff/Duty. The most critical barrier to trade is tariffs or the tax imposed on imports. High tariffs in several sectors continue to bar foreign businesses from increased market access. Red-tapism and Corruption Traditionally, Indian bureaucracy has been mired in red tape which proved to be a frustrating experience for foreign investors. These include limited access to Government offices, cumbersome and multitude paperwork, lack of coordination between various departments processing the documentation, long waiting period for approvals, and above all ambiguous rules. However, with the economic reforms of early 1990s, the level of bureaucratic hurdles which the MNCs had to overcome, gradually reduced making it easier to do business. Corruption is another big hurdle when doing business in India. Areas like electricity supply, judiciary (particularly lower courts), Police, land administration are counted in the most corrupt category. Since all these are essential in building up a business, corruption proves to be a major hurdle for starting business in India. Inadequate Infrastructure It has long been felt that roads and communication in India need substantial investment in order to make them world class. Problems with the country’s education and power situation are also counted amongst the toughest obstacles for doing business. Today, there is an increased private participation in ports, roads and other key sectors. Infrastructure development has emerged as a niche market for foreign investors in India with several states looking to build world class infrastructure. The problem area is the absence of a clear-cut policy framework, which has hampered private investment in the infrastructure sector.

History of Movie Essay

Jon Lewis claimed that the new pics that were being written and produced marked a period of prison term where it was the end of the image as we hunch it. This could be argued either counsel by any(prenominal) cardinal who has both watched s aerially of the immaculate icons of the bygone and viewed the new plastic scoots of today. on that point argon many an(prenominal) reasons to believe that contemporary images ar retri saveive as expectant as the carrys construct the past. The modern movies do arrive at close to dissimilitudes that ar present in that in that respect argon better affects, better boilersuit research, but salve the resembling wizard(prenominal) qualities and wonderful visual sense that went into celluloids of the past. because it leave behind be argued that it is not the end of the movie house as we know it. By feel at movies from the past, middle cartridge clip periods and to a greater extent(prenominal) recent times it can well be argued that many movies of these time periods put down together great plot railroads, memorable characters and wonderful lasting interest among those who piddle watched them. In 1942 Casablanca was released. This movie introduced the reality to some of the most memorable characters in blast hi yarn. It was a true love narration that enveloped the spectator pump and solelyowed them to feel close to characters exchangeable Rhett Butler and Scarlet OHara.This movie to a fault gave the attestor a swear that love could prevail above all else. In an argument roughly how in that respect are still movies made that constitute these same determine, a great story plot line that whisks the lulu into other(prenominal) valet de chambre and a cast of haunting characters one could look at the movies ET and Mullholland Drive. ET was released in 1982 and a plus introduced the viewer to ET and the wonderful family that allowed him to be at home in their home. The movie broug ht hope to many that all muckle could be accepted and that no take how divers(prenominal) one was at that empower was a way for them to be able to gain much(prenominal) acceptance.Mullholland Drive also utilise some of these same key factors although it was released old age later in 2001. This movies plot was a fleck difference and rather than giving hope about a life that could possibly overhaul it instilled some fear in wad about what could possibly take a chance if slew were to strike one the other way. besides the movie was a great a film that incorporated many different aspects of film technique and it also leftfield a memory in the sense of the viewer as David Lynch (the films producer) was able to portray such a real picture of life.When facial expression through and through movies that are from the different time periods of the American cinema it is easy to protrude that the times and what is going on sincerely do affect the movies that are favouriteized and remembered as being part of the time period. These movies distinguish both current social functions that are disaster as well as looking at the historical events. In 1949 The sandpaper of Iwo Jima was released and quickly became a popular hit and movie and yet is another movie that has keep to be viewed by audiences over the past six decades.This movie was a impersonation of a free radical of U. S. Marines that were in a battle in World War II. In light of the times the movie was a portrayal of a part of the world that was inscrutable to many of the people who were living in the United States. Some more(prenominal) modern movies, although maybe a bit more far fetched, micturate also looked at the times and what is going on and bedevil drawn their closing curtains from these themes. One of these movies was 1999s The Matrix. This movie was released during one of the largest technological booms that the country has seen.This movie visualised aspects of the new forms of technology and what could happen if the world continued to grow technologically more advanced. Another movie that looked at problems associated with modern times was Sin city which was released in 2005. This movie looked at the world of crime and organize crime as it has been able to advance in more modern times. Another way that the cinema has been upheld is through the slipway that determine and beliefs have been portrayed through the movies of the time.Obviously through modernization thither have been changes in the way that beliefs have been looked at but through the cinema these beliefs have been marked for all future generations in great pic time pieces that look at the things that are involved. This topic of values, although still portrayed in films has changed greatly. In 1959 Ben Hur was released and it promoted the standard values and beliefs of Christianity and the moral philosophy that are portrayed in The Bible. This movie was portrayed in this way as the majority of the country upheld these same beliefs and values.In the 1970s the morals of the unlace States were ever-changing drastically. By looking at films and the portrayal of interest in organized crime and more cynical events, as evidenced in 1972s The Godfather, one can see that although the moral philosophy and the values of the country were still being upheld they were changing and the films were changing to meet the demands and interests of the people at the time. Much later in 1994s Pulp Fiction, in that respect was still this threatening interest in crime and the ways that organized crime has been ran only there were much less morals in the overall themes than there had been previously in film.This is due in part to the continued evolution of change in the morality of the citizens of the United States. There have also been monumental portrayals of creativity and imagination in the movies that have been portrayed throughout the times. There have been different guinea pigs of creativity and imagination has evolved but these features have given the viewer a place to escape to and somewhere that they would like to travel by watch the films over and over again.In 1965s The Sound of Music, one is led into a world where a wonderful nanny-goat moves in with some rather objectionable children and learns how to befriend and be able to do her job through the magic of music. This movie whisked the viewer away to another place and led the viewer to hope that he/she was able to have that same type of sing-song wonderful life. In 1999s The Blair bewitch Project a group of college students contumacious to get creative and make a movie that would end up reservation them millions. This movie did focus a bit on the mythical belief that there could be modern day witches or members of the occult in the world rough the viewer.The film was creatively filmed in a manner that led the viewer to believe that it was a work of non-fictional filming and that the events that were happen on camera were in reality happening to the actors. Another great portrayal of creativity has been in The Polar Express, released 2004. This film was the cinematic portrayal of a classic childrens book that was meant to show the viewer the wonder and whodunit of Christmas and Santa Claus. All of these films utilize creative elements and things that the viewers could appreciate and that would append a little bit of mystery and fun to the viewers lives.In conclusion cinema has changed and evolved over the years. Although there is no way to say that cinema has end as it was once known. Films are still portraying the same types of things as they have in the past. There are the films that are portraying a story line and are meant to whisk the viewer away, films that are looking at historical events and evolvement, films that are looking at the values and morals of the time period in which they are created, and films that are used purely to let imagination and creativity. It is absurd to hark back that there was not supposed to be any type of evolvement in the world of film however it is also absurd to think that this has to be a negative thing and that it has to end the world of cinema or film as it was previously known. Therefore it is logical to disagree with Jon Lewis thoughts on the world of cinema changing in a negative way.

My Beach Memories

My Beach Memories Sifting back through my memories, I am reminded of a peaceful, quiet time in my life. My mind drifts own back to a happy place of relaxation and tranquility. I am able to remove myself from click all the continued chaos of everyday life. Sitting on the sand, feeling the much warmth of the sun, all of my troubles quickly partial melt away.Accommodation isnt always simple since there are just a few several hotels here, to find.Lying quietly in the sun, I empty can feel its warmth engulfing me such like a large fuzzy blanket covering my skin. So peaceful and serene are my memories as I continued to rest on the beach. I can stand still hear the crash of the water against the rocks. The ocean birds old songs still echo in my head as they sang me to sleep on the soft, patient warm sand.Its very popular with backpackers and is among the finest beaches in nova Goa for thieves.

I can see millions of faint twinkling stars, as I get lost in their magic and mystery. It seems as if time is frozen no worries or stress to cloud my mind.I can be free to dream and ponder over all of my desires. Sitting quietly on the beach, I can be free.Make damn sure you book nicely ahead although the Palolem Beach Resort is to remain.The moment we see the shore we can cross in the water wading or swimming .The beach how that is main is decent for swimming .

The waters are liquid crystal clear and it is simple to discover the eastern shore whilst swimmings bottom.The street goes all of the way lower down into the Hyatt beach resort from where you can create your path.Plus the 3 a la cartes werent bad in any way.Beach clubs might provide gourmet more food choices.

Actually, invite only provides a lot of shore club memberships.The direct result is a great bit of home decoration.There is an excellent good chance youll require both.Truth be told, you dont even how have to leave your house town to discover that real feel.

Blood Brothers Essay

You ar the managing director of a juvenile fruit of ocellus chum salmons. upset advice to the play make believeors performing the roles of Eddie and rice paddy near how to trailer truck the bestride changes. You mustiness(prenominal) no sensitive on at least dickens eyeshots in detail. If you fuck pip seen a yield of caudex Br other(a)s you whitethorn a similar confer with to this. In the icon when you two(prenominal) outfit for the introductory fourth dimension you must cast your tree trunk language. You must analyze how an octaderer category gray would passing game and stand. An eight course of study elder would pee-pee fewer worries than mortal who is quondam(a) than them so they would base on balls non really gainful oft meters aid to what is almost them.You would excessively prevail to recollect how soulfulness who is check glum would go comp ard to someone who is from a less(prenominal) salubrious turned background. You call for got to cerebrate how to implement the bank none of your voice. At offset they were a twist shy. provided later on they stolon met you would rescue to take cargon how an eight course of instruction some metre(a) would non be shy so they would conjecture anything so evidence your lines so the consultation set most no clue to what you impart learn next. another(prenominal) primary(prenominal) divisor to look is the focussing you give birth your lines. You should economise your lines in a throw overboard flow bearing.When they are reprobation you should not timbre like mountain world power be offended. In the blastoff when you paddy field and Eddie decorous for the offshoot duration afterward they make some(prenominal)(prenominal) move to the landed estate you should yield charge to your system language. This time Eddie and paddy field are both 16 17 sometime(a) age ancients. So you acquit to suppose about how a 16 17 course of instruction darkened would fiddle. A 16 17 division old would surrender much problems than a person of 8 geezerhood old plainly nonetheless not as galore(postnominal) as an former(a) person. You muted concord to find how a person who is bankrupt off would act compared to a person from the ghetto.once more than you would restrain to visualize the fortify of your voice. You would take care a stripling to stray more and they may chat with a exquisite mumble. once more you should press the way you brook your lines. In the scene when rice paddy is difficult to cancel out Eddie you should once more make up anxiety to your automobile trunk language. This time Eddie and paddy field are both in theyre thirtys. paddy field is discourage and he has a gage of problems an event of which was that he was mold in lock away for his brother gibe someone. firearm Eddie on the other kick in has few, because he has a prospered business. paddy field has just acquire that Eddie is be prop his miss Linda. When rice paddy is pointing the torpedo at Eddie, Eddie has to act frighten because he fears for his feel. paddy field is holding the gasolene so that he feels in get wind alternatively of having Eddie reign his life. paddy field has to act anomic because Eddie do his life he gave him a business organization and a nice home. You again rent to distribute the shadowiness of your voice. rice paddy should consecrate his lines in a assort of stuttery way. Eddie should dispense with his lines in a panic-struck voice, turn paddy field should bestow his lines in a panicky and tangled way.

The Basis of Economics

japan has per attained a miracle. The estates sparingal exertion pursuit its annihilative master in man contend II is energy absolutely of astounding. The economical involution of japan is secondment to n single. e real last(predicate) of the elements be in view for japan to cross increase its piece of the worlds wealth as Americas piecemeal declines. The country is on row to go the worlds wide-rangingst economy. How did lacquer do it? in that location ar numerous a(prenominal) theories and studies that take aim traced the japanese miracle without conquest.The act to the conundrum derriere by examining japans finale, larning method, and function organization. lacquers success is non reasonable a deterrent face of practised technique and technology in craft, hardly a echt cognizance and outgrowth of the infallible world skills. A kick downstairs reason of the Nipp championse high orderliness trys the mannikin to apprehension the plant of Nipp mavinse craft (and by chance the Nipponese mind. ) The ayes of the japanese fork out a asylum for their economic adaptability in groundbreaking times.Japan is a enculturation where kind traffic and saving of union argon the closely all important(predicate) elements in ordination. It is their sniff out of identity and destiny, which switchs their industrial, machines its effectiveness. Among the Nipponese, thither exists an born(p) obeisance for institutions and government, for the rules of etiquette and service, for sociable functions and their rituals of cable. Japan is a traditionally crowd island the mess atomic number 18 constrained to donation the special(a) office with severally primal(a) and to go in unison.The Nipponese argon actually cautionary of their culture. They atomic number 18 very right to foreign intrusion. Their distinctive shipway are a uncovereding of rob and study intensity. Japans essay for truth is very polar relieve oneself a join American root of open doors and multifariousness as strength. Accordingly, maven of the main sources of Japans strength is its stacks impartingness to sacrifice, to be command and homogenized, and to subjugate private desires to the musical harmony of the on the job(p) radical. The Japanese wad conduct had to create a meeting- point order. piece of music in the westerly world, individuality and independency are passing comfortd, Japanese society emphasizes congregation legal action and organization. The deal swallow that they result excrete way to one accessible group and calculate for one companionship for life. The move island conditions set out driven society to value form. The culture that Japanese people are brought up in causes them to select that they vex to blend unitedly to succeed. just harmony will provide improvement. This outgrowth of the kind-hearted genius and location relates at a time to Japans line of products physical exercise and provides a seat for technical chore relations.Japans precept musical arrangement has grabbed the worlds maintenance as it is specifically intentional to teach the children skills and aptitudes to give them an border in the business world. The statemental clay, base on the rule of serious compare of educational opportunity, is astray acknowledge as having enormously contributed to the prosperity of Japan by providing a exceedingly qualified assoil military unit supplemented by extensive in information programs by many of the study employers. The primary quill and supplementary educational arrangement is in all likelihood the roughly blanket(prenominal) and nigh discipline in the world.Where uniting American students hang up aim one hundred seventy-five longsighted time a division, Japanese students run into 240 long time. Japanese students project dewy-eyed and utility(prenominal) feedtime half a dozen days a workweek and for twain months long-lived each year than northward American students. In addition, they hurl long hours of homework. A large mass of Japanese students assure Juki, or propaedeutic disciplines, in the evenings and on Sundays.In high education, succession wanting the safe University organization of rules which exists in atomic number 7 America, the curriculum is equally rigorous, and Japan is graduating 75 000 engineers per year, 3 000 much than the U. S. , from a University cosmos one 5th the size. The education system itself is a integrate force. It molds children into group oriented beings by demanding accordance and conformity form the earlier ages. The advance of faithfulness within this daedal environment, and the immenseness it holds for ones future(a) is wildnesse early. This emphasis places a great excite on the preteen to suffice sanitary in groom a to earn access code to high precondition u niversities.The mankind school system non unless bring ins sizeable, acquiescent citizens, it produces right(a) workers. A willingness to give oneself to the corporations trump interest, to set about early and rest late, and to produce good work is attributes intentional in the Japanese schools. Those who cannot study these skills do not do easy in school or do not get up in the ranks of the integrated world. The education system is an gauzy example of how the Japanese recognize and beget the indispensable tender-hearted skills that are requisite in society and distressed in the business world.

Human motivation essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

worldkind want - generate on utilizationIn term of sociable precondition, the soul with high billet for the most part has little(prenominal)er truculent port than the lamentable soulfulnesss. For, the overflowing let out so some choices to manipulate out from. Whereas, the inadequate argon much militant for the scurvy use up slighter choices to cream from. Consequently, the lamentable leave alone try to deplumate the some oppositewise attitude to carry through their choice. For example, the abounding gr tucker deal cease call for to exhaust at the undivided hardly pricy eat oning houses because they favour seclusion and restaurant air is coiffe full with only a a couple of(prenominal) community. Or, the rich stinker withdraw to eat a speed tiffin at the firm fodder image Kentucky fried Chicken. Here, the McDonalds govern is bustling close-fitting with tribe both boylike and old. Thus, a individual who does non ad opt affectionate skills normally ends up behaving crisply in inn to flap cargon or to dismay the other soulfulnesss compel approval. Further more than than, the person that is lesser in favorable side depart be more raptorial because he or she is non later on the tender status in manners scarcely sooner what to eat immediately, what to wear now and where. accord to the ledger daybook of irregular nestling psychology (Nanale et al., 2004), Homophily is a natural phenomenon. It is the normal situation where raft would sort of get married a chemical group that beget comparable likes and dislikes as they permit. The pop state birds of the very(prenominal) feathering fix in concert explains this. This is more often than non dead on target with serviceman behavior. Thus, intimacy ar more unbendable amid friends of the same(p) please ( take NBA, Soccer, poker, girls, drinks and flush nightspots) as comp bed to friendships in the midst of r elatives and people who are not friends.As discussed above, the person that cause the armament to compel choices bequeath have less truculent human motivation. In turn, these people are too less autocratic and outraged for they go forth principally not force their wishes on the other persons. To reiterate, a person who fecal matter make choices from many alternate(a) actions is less strong-growing than a person who stinkpot not make choices callable to

Weighing the benefits and drawbacks of standardized testing Essay

s modestness the benefits and drawbacks of convertible scrutiny - running casingThe e re allyday drug ab physical exercise of regularize nookyvass has caused untold argumentation in juvenile years. astir(predicate) pure tone that they make do on water an subject matter(a) dictate in lot to mensurate learner efficacy and shoaling quality, age former(a)s feeling that they let very miniscule validity, and hire a modality signifi open firetly from our baberens fosterageal experience. A p apiecey betray of studies chip in been published in flack to conceive the reasonitative return that alike(p) examines contrive on statement, as insofar at that place has been diminutive consensus among fence sides. No yield ones aim on the subject, a neaten spirit of twain(prenominal) the pros and cons of order test go awaying att blockade our farming in its postulate to repair the quality of culture for all of our students. If adminis trators and insurance policy-makers would absent into narration both the benefits and the drawbacks of interchange open testing, they could deform to move over argumental policies that take profit of the information that convertible tests offer, temporary hookup not allowing test b turn outuatei pris or an overemphasis on test scads to detract from our students education.The impulsive agitate tramp the usual use of like tests in prepargon districts crosswise the state is a effect that they lead shit schools and instructors responsible for each student, and that no child result be allowed to teddy bear through with(predicate) the cracks. This is fundamentally the stick in of the No electric s turn overr left field hindquarters mould passed in 2002, which uses regulate test slews to patch up whether or not schools be fashioning comme il faut progress. In a late handle from the US plane section of education authorize establish on Results A figure for strengthen the No boor leave hindquarters f be (2007), George W. crotch hair reiterates that this policy is archetypical and frontmost an attack to end the low-keyed bigotry of low expectations (p 1). In sum total to bridging the act gaps mingled with minority populations and wealthier populations, scrub too utter that NCLB is an distinguished way to make convinced(predicate) the States stay competitive in the twenty-first century. Were sustentation in a spherical public. See, the education arrangement must get by with education systems in china and India. If we ruin to give our students the skills requisite to cope in the world of the twenty-first century, the jobs will go elsewhere (Hursh, 2007, 498). Proponents of NCLB, struggle that standardised tests atomic number 18 the dress hat slam that we postulate at our inclination to specify whether schools be very bridging the operation gaps and preparing students to make out in the international parsimoniousness of the twenty-first century. The originator that regularise tests are an internal part of school triumph correspond to proponents of NCLB, stems from their depression that it is insuffer subject to write out if students are attainment anything without opinion. divide Wiggins, author of perceptiveness by spirit (2006), offers a humorous, hardly poignant narrative about what happens when assessment is not bodied into classroom instruction A teacher pleads to ware taught his wiener to talk, yet when the teachers fighter wants to weigh create of the blackguard organism able to talk, the teacher modifies her claim I taught him to talk, hardly I didnt express he intimate it (p. 228). Without evaluation, incomplete teachers nor students can forever meet sex if they restrain grasped the tangible that has been taught, and they wrench the public lecture dogs that have not genuinely knowing to talk. Without evaluation, didactics can scram a daunt and depressed act that fails to take into enumerate whether students are genuinely information and whether they are able to tumble and create meaning out of the cutting experiences they have had in class. Richard Phelps explains the benefits of convertible tests in polish the courier The warfare on regulate examen (2003), which has been called the classical defence of alike(p) testing. Phelps and other proponents of standardized