International Human Resource Theories: Coca Cola Case Study

International valet imagery Theories coca low-d consume Case StudyIHRM concepts in coca plant pots practices and powers to transfer employees to the host countries 6Selecting staff for ball-shaped assignments in Coca smoke 7The disadvantages of conventional plectrum in Coca weed 8AbstractThis enquiry project explains how the International Human Resource theories be used in Coca dumbbell as a multinational organization. More everyplace it clarifies the IHRM theoretical side and how the company uses it in its practices. in addition it explains both(prenominal) of the effectualness and weak points of the practical methods. Coca cola is an example of transnational enterprises (MNEs) as it operates its business in more than 200 countries.IntroductionLocal Human Resource Management practices are different of outside(a) Human Resource Practices, be typeface the core different in the organizational social organization. The structure of a Multinational organization as C oca Cola should be different of anformer(a)(prenominal) Ameri dirty dog local organization. These differences come from the momentous parting and senior strategies of the company. This should cause some significant change in the HR practices and social functions.Since Coca Cola is a company operates its business around a huge come up of countries around the world it began to respond to both of local and international needs. Environment, polish and political differences exist from a region to another.Globalization is the most chief(prenominal) factor of the multinational enterprises phenomenon. Coca Cola one of the American companies became a multinational company to take the benefits of red-hot markets and to minimize the labour costs. Haile (2002) mentioned that Bernadin and Russell (1998) and Robbins (1997) every(prenominal) averd that Coca-Cola and Pepsi receive more than half of their revenues from operations outside the fall in States. These reasons and more encourage the company to operate its business outside the boundaries. piece the company started its operations outside USA it considered the environmental, heathenish and political change. Also it considered the differences among the multinational employees. in that respectfore it started to find the methods and the practices which help to avoid any obstacles since the IHRM has new concepts were developed internationally. As a core point, the international gentle imaging practices should be aligned with the predefined strategic business goals.Companys backgroundCoca Cola was invested in May 1886 by Dr. John S. Pemberton in Atlanta, Georgia. Currently, its operations are in more than 200 countries, and with diverse work force of somewhat 55,000 employees.The local and globular strategyThe strategic vision of the company is to hit basketball team strategic goals Profit, tribe, value, partners and planet.One of the above strategic is populate, which is the most essential element in Coca Cola as people are the workforce which operates the whole work. Moreover the company gives its attention to the HRM to control the gracious functions and maps and to be aligning with the companys senior strategy. In line with the superiorer objectives of the company, human resources management seriously seeking to get the top hat management win the objectives of the company. For these reasons, IHRM should define know the structure of the company as a global.(The time Newspaper, 2005, P. 2)The companys structureThe home country of Coca Cola is USA it controls both of centralization and localizations functions. Senior decisions at The Coca Cola Company are made by an decision maker Committee of 12 company Officers. This charge helped to shape the strategic priorities. The chair of the executive committee acts as a head for the company and chairs the board meetings. He is also the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and as such he is the senior decision maker. early(a) executiv es are responsible either for the major regions (e.g. Africa) or have an principal(prenominal) business specialization for example the Chief Financial Officer.(The Times Newspaper, 2005, P. 3)There are seven main regions where Coca Cola operates in as the followingNorth America, Africa, Asia, Europe, Eurasia, Middle East, Latin America. Each region has dual-lane into countries and each country has its own structure the following figure explains the structure of Coca Cola in Great Britain.(The Times Newspaper, 2005, P. 3)IHRM concepts in Coca Colas practices and reasons to transfer employees to the host countriesStaff selection, international assignments, international procreation and development, international compensation, and IHRM in the host Country context are some reveal concepts of the international practices which Coca Colas HRM is responsible to deal with. And it is classic to know the reason of transferring people from a region to another among Coca Cola foster company , host countries and subsidiaries.The reason of sending staff for international assignment in Coca Cola is to achieve tether major goals within originally long and long terms to fill positions, develop the management and to fulfil Coca Colas development. (Hartono 2009)The following table shows the reasons of transferring staff from the elicit country of Coca Cola to the host countries (e.g. china).Why does Coca Cola transfer staff from the parent country (USA) to the host countriesTransfer of technical or Managerial knowledge, training of subsidiary managers, or lack of qualified local personal(Position Filling) take aim of education in host country is low appurtenant is issueSubsidiary is Greenfield establishmentGain international experiencedevelop global awareness(Management Development)MNC is more internationalizedMNC is largeControl and coordination of subsidiary operations(Organizational Development)falteringly avoidance in home country is full(prenominal) aim of heathen ish distance between home country and host country is highLevel of political risk in host country is highSubsidiary is largeSubsidiary is majority-ownedSubsidiary is higher in embodied distinguishing chain Subsidiary is youngSubsidiary is under-performingimprovement of communication channels between head quarter and subsidiary(Organizational Development)Level of cultural distance between home and host country is highLevel of political risk in host country is highSubsidiary is youngSelecting staff for global assignments in Coca ColaHartono (2009) argued that studies explained that selecting employees for global tasks to achieve international specific military controls is difficult. Also wrong selection whitethorn lead to significant problems. Therefore Coca Cola developed its own system for careful selecting employees, in this system the company dresss carefully the sequester persons for each assignment. (Slavenski 2003)In Coca Cola they always give plentiful time to assess em ployees they wish to go for an international assignment. First abuse is to receive applications from the employees who find that he is qualified for the task. past conduct five hours assessment for all the applicants to identify the following nine skills1. Organizing and planning2. science and analysis3. Decision making4. Oral communication5. Decisiveness6. Adapt aptitude7. interpersonal skills8. Written communication9. PerseveranceSecond step is to determine the best applicants who have succeed in the first assessment and ask them to comeback next day for the organizational orientation, also there is three old age of training for the line managers who are responsible for this selection. In Coca Cola usually the third step is an interview to select one of three applicants to do the international assignment.Comparing with the old approach of selecting staff to do a global task there are a significant change in the way and technique used currently in Coca Cola. According to Slaven ski (2003) he stated that These results indicate that the new method of interviewing is more effective than traditional interviewing. Hence, the assessment/hiring ratio was lowered from 3 1 to 21. T hat is, for every two people assessed in the midpoint, one could be selected. The cost savings amounted to about $48,000 per center or $4,000 per candidate.The disadvantages of traditional selection in Coca ColaSelecting people who have equivalent skills, information, and organizational expectations is more complex than it earliest appears. soulfulness who has been successful somewhere else in a related position may not always be a good selection. Old selection in most organizations is not as useful as it could be because it is not based on an analysis of job necessities, rather than universe prepared and logical, it is unofficial and incompatible, making it hard to compare and assess candidates, it may hire unrelated, and sometimes unlawful, it allows the candidates small chance to express actual job skills and it is based on poor inspection and records and componentrally relies on the interviewers ability to bring to mind complex information about total of candidates.Lxr- molecular(a) Link in cutaneal MicroenvironmentLxr- Molecular Link in Epidermal MicroenvironmentABSTARCTThe nuclear receptor LXR- is a transcriptional regulator involved in numerousepidermal processes including proliferation, differentiation, permeability obstacleformation, subversive responses, shin development and homeostasis. Owing to itscrucial for multiple cell types in the discase, its activation in one strip down cell type mayinfluence its facial gesture and activation in other, thereby having a functional impact. Inthis prove we investigated the personal cause that LXR- activation in keratinocytes would exerton LXR- side in melanocytes. For this, we cultured melanocytes from theclinically well-informed subjects and them nurtured with the media from the LXR- trigger of f (by both Ascorbic acidulous and atorvastatin along with 22-R hydroxycholestrol) keratinocyte. The DOPA staining sustain the growth of melanocytes and the validationfor viability was done by flow cytometry. The results so obtained supported ourspeculation that LXR- activation in the normal healthy melanocytes may lead to theirprogrammed cell death. Therefore, LXR- may be a critical player in keratinocyte and melanocytebiology and could be a electromotive force laughingstock for skin disease management.INTRODUCTIONEpidermal melanocytes form a functional and structural unit with neighboring keratinocyte. There is apparently a close relationship between melanocytes and keratinocytes that is important for melanocyte extract and differentiation. and that may involve keratinocyte-mediated cytokines 1. Growth factors produced by adjacent keratinocytes regulate the proliferation and differentiation of melanocytes 2-5. Therefore, changes in keratinocytes function might have a significa nt effect on melanocyte survival 6, 7. The LXRs in skin physiology and pathology have evolved rapidly in recent historic period as they modulate epidermal proliferation, carcinogenesis, differentiation and permeability obstruction function, which identifies them as promising drug targets for the treatment of skin diseases. The nuclear receptors LXR- and LXR- are express in murine and human keratinocytes 8, 9. LXR activation also stimulates epidermal lipid synthesis, lamellar body secretion and lipid processing in the stratum horny layer 10. LXR-activators stimulate keratinocyte differentiation and also promote epidermal permeability barrier homoeostasis 10. Activation of LXR-by oxysterols stimulates keratinocyte differentiation, thereby, making LXR-important in keratinocytes differentiation as well 11, 12. LXR-is also known to play a key role as metabolic checkpoint that modulates cell proliferation in skin. At proper dosage, semisynthetic LXR agonists are safe on endothelial cells and may even transrepress inflammatory reactions 13.It has also been found that LXR- might be playing an important role in pathogenesis of pigmentary disorders like psoriasis 14, 15and vitiligo 16. Changes in the conceptualization of this receptor in diverse diseased conditions of skin make it a candidate gene expenditure investigation, as it may be critical players in keratinocyte and melanocyte biology and homeostasis 17.In this article we characterize the effect of alteration in flavour of LXR- in the keratinocytes influence the survival of the melanocytes. In our previous studies we have already explored the effects of agonists and activators of LXR- on its own gene rumination in keratinocytes. We here report the effect of melanocytes viability following LXR- activation with Atorvastatin+22R hydroxycholestrol and Ascorbic acid +22R hydroxycholestrolin cultured keratinocytes, with both the cell types derived from of the same the skin biopsyMETHODSSelection of the subje cts and clinical evaluationThis study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee. A total number of 6 controls were enrolled, after their informed consent. The age range was 1840 years. Skin grafts were collected in the phosphate buffer saline (PBS) and straightaway transported to the laboratory in ice.Cellular models employedFresh biopsy specimens were obtained under sterile conditions in phosphate buffer saline with antibiotics (penicillin and streptomycin).Keratinocyte Cultures Culturing of keratinocytes derived from skin biopsies of clinically healthy subjects were carried out in Keratinocytes Specific Media containing no antibiotics. The treatment with Atorvastatin+22R hydroxycholestrol and Ascorbic acid +22R hydroxycholestrol was performed. Cells in one of the wells were incubated with 30M Atorvastatin and the other well was case-hardened with 0.2mg/ml Ascorbic acid or 12 hours 18. thusly 10 M 22R hydroxycholestrol was added to both the wells and cells were then in cubated for 48 hours.Melanocyte Cultures Culturing of melanocytes derived from skin biopsies of same clinically healthy subjects was carried out in Melanocyte Media Promocell containing no antibiotics. Then the media from the above mentioned hardened keratinocytes was transferred to the respective melanocytes cultures for consecutive three days.Cell appellativeKeratinocytes To say that the cells cultured from the skin biopsies exhibited the characteristic signatures of keratinocytes,Melanocytes DOPA staining To insure that the cells cultured from the skin biopsies exhibited the characteristic signatures of melanocytes, DOPA staining was performed following a modified method previously described 19.RNA isolation and complementary DNA synthesisTotal RNA was isolated using the Tri Reagent kit (Ambion, Austin, TX, USA), and complementary DNA was synthesized using the First-Strand cDNA Synthesis kit (Fermentas, St. Leon-Rot, Germany) following the manufacturers protocols.Semiquanti tative RT-PCRSemiquantitative RT-PCR was used to determine the gene tran- scriptional expression. PCR intricacy was performed using the GeneAmp PCR System 9700 (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). All primers were synthesized by Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). The primer sequences used are given in Table S2. PCR amplification of cDNA was performed in a reaction mixture containing 10X polymerase, 2 ll cDNA template and sterile RNAse-free water added to a total volume of 25 ll. All PCR reagents were from Fermentas. We first amplified a housekeeping gene encoding b-actin, to observe RNA quality and cDNA synthesis and to ensure that equivalent amounts of cDNA were used in all PCR amplifications. All PCR products were analysed by separation on a 2% agarose gel stained with ethidium bromide.Annexin V staining well-bred melanocytes after culturing in erudite media were were processed as previously mentioned 20 before being used for Annexin V staining (Roche, Mannheim, Germany), accor ding to the manufacturers instructions.RESULTSIdentifications of melanocytesMelanocytes were cultured with conditioned media from treated keratinocytes (both cell types derived from from skin biopsies of the same patient). after getting pure cultures, these cells were characterized by DOPA staining (Figure 1).LXR- mRNA expressionWe checked the expression profile of LXR- gene in melanocytes cultured in the conditioned media was compared to the controls (Figure.2). The aim was to detect any change in gene expression of LXR- and its effector genes . Results revealed the higher presence of LXR- mRNA expression in melanocytes cultured in bot the treated conditioned media compared to controls.Effect on the apoptosisExperiments were performed and it was interesting to find that there was an increase in the apoptosis of melanocytes nurtured with the media transferred from the keratinocytes treated Ascorbic acid + 22-R hydroxycholestrol i.e. 26% compared to 17.6% in the melanocytes nurtured with the media transferred from the keratinocytes treated Atorvastatin + 22-R hydroxycholestrol whereas the control non- treated melanocytes showed 10% apoptotic cell population (Figure 3).DISCUSSIONThe role multivalent LXR- has recently been described in many skin diseases. A marked expression of LXR- has been observed in cells adjacent to dermal papilla, speculating that it may correlate with pose of hair melanocytes 21. Important genes involved in regulation of both keratinocytes and melanocytes are target genes of LXR- it can be speculated that LXR- might be playing the important role in pathogenesis of varied skin disorders and homeostasis 17.Studies have previously shown that chronic activation of LXR- in pancreatic -cell provoked lipid dysregulation and concomitant apoptosis. To verify the speculation, the cultured melanocytes from the clinically healthy subjects were nurtured with the media from the LXR- activated (by both Vitamin C and Atorvastatin alongwith 22-R hydroxy cholestrol) keratinocyte media. The DOPA staining in Figure 1 shows the viable melanocytes which were upgrade validated by FACS and the results so obtained supported our speculation that LXR- activation in the normal healthy melanocytes may lead to their apoptosis, as LXR- is known to inhibit cell proliferation and enhance apoptosis (Figure 3). We have already reported that the LXR- expression was present in human melanocytes and keratinocytes 15, 16. In this study, we compared the expression of LXR- in conditioned media from keratinocytes treated with Ascorbic acid + 22-R hydroxycholestrol and Atorvastatin + 22-R hydroxycholestrol compared to the control and found that mRNA expression of LXR- was significantly higher in both the treated groups as compared to the control.So, it can be said that there is an LXR- imbalance in the genesis of skin disorders. Although future studies will reveal whether LXR- dysregulation in skin cells contributes to the diseased state in vivo, the data presented here arouse a potential target for the development of a successful method of regulating the diseased skin conditions. Not only LXR- has a robust anti-inflammatory activity in skin, but they also modulate epidermal proliferation, differentiation and permeability barrier function. The abnormal increase in LXR-expression in the pancreatic islets of corpulent and diabetic animal models and the ability of LXR-ligands to induce cell dysfunction suggest the involvement of chronic LXR-in cell apoptosis 22 . Keeping in view, the findings reported here coupled with earlier reported findings, it is not unconvincing that LXR- transcriptome may be of crucial importance, not only in agreement of genomic basis of skin disorders it could be useful in designing futurist therapy for these skin disorders.